Journal Description
Electricity
Electricity
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on electrical engineering published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access—free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, EBSCO and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 11.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually.
- Extra Benefits: no space constraints, no color charges.
Latest Articles
A Single-Buyer Model of Imbalance Cost Pass-Through Pricing Forecasting in the Malaysian Electricity Supply Industry
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 295-312; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020015 - 11 May 2024
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The imbalance cost pass-through (ICPT) is a flexible component of the incentive-based regulation (IBR) that empowers power producers to adjust tariffs in response to variable fuel prices, thereby enhancing the economic resilience of electricity generation. In Malaysia, the Energy Commission has conducted biannual
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The imbalance cost pass-through (ICPT) is a flexible component of the incentive-based regulation (IBR) that empowers power producers to adjust tariffs in response to variable fuel prices, thereby enhancing the economic resilience of electricity generation. In Malaysia, the Energy Commission has conducted biannual reviews of fuel and other generation costs. Any cost savings or increases identified during these reviews will be passed on to customers in the form of rebates or surcharges. Meanwhile, if an increment in the ICPT price signal can be provided to electricity providers and consumers, early preparation for operation budgeting can be realised, and energy management program development can be properly prepared. Due to this reason, this study proposes ICPT price forecasting for the electricity market in Peninsular Malaysia that will benefit the stakeholders. The study aims to construct an ICPT-related baseline model for the peninsular generation data by employing three forecasting methods. The forecasting performance is analysed using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). In light of our findings, the ARIMA method is one of the most accurate forecasting methods for fuel prices compared to the moving average (MA) and LSSVM methods. The observed price differences between the ARIMA and LSSVM models for ICPT are minimal. The ICPT price for July–December 2022 and January–June 2023 is MYR 0.21/kWh for the ARIMA and MYR 0.18/kWh for LSSVM, which are close to the actual TNB’s ICPT tariff. As for forecasting, the ICPT price is expected to drop in the next announcement. The findings of this study may have a positive impact on the sustainability of the energy sector in Malaysia.
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluating Preparedness and Overcoming Challenges in Electricity Trading: An In-Depth Analysis Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and a Case Study Exploration
by
Suraj Regmi, Abhinav Rayamajhi, Ramhari Poudyal and Sanjeev Adhikari
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 271-294; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020014 - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The economy of South Asia is experiencing growth, yet it faces constraints due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels and frequent power outages. Access to diverse energy sources, particularly electricity, is crucial for sustaining this growth. One feasible solution involves neighbouring countries engaging
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The economy of South Asia is experiencing growth, yet it faces constraints due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels and frequent power outages. Access to diverse energy sources, particularly electricity, is crucial for sustaining this growth. One feasible solution involves neighbouring countries engaging in the trade of renewable electrical energy. Hydropower stands as one of the many energy sources available in South Asia. However, sectorial constraints pose significant challenges to energy trade initiatives. This study utilises the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate Nepal’s readiness and identify obstacles to its cross-border energy trade with India and Bangladesh. A comprehensive analysis of these obstacles is imperative for formulating effective strategies and policies. Additionally, this study offers recommendations for enhancing preparedness and resolving issues related to energy trading, which may apply to similar cross-border situations. This study ranks energy trading obstacles with neighbouring nations using the AHP, offering key insights for stakeholders and policymakers. Using a non-probabilistic purposeful sampling technique, 25 expert respondents from the energy sector and prominent academicians were selected as part of the data collection procedure. At every level of the interview process, their perspectives were invaluable in guaranteeing a thorough and rigorous investigation.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Electricity Demand-Side Management, 2nd Volume)
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Open AccessArticle
Green-Powered Electric Public Mobility: Integrating Urban and Interurban Routes—A Case Study Analysis
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Alessandro Franco, Giovanni Lutzemberger, Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, Francesco Giuseppe Quilici and Matilde Vezzani
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 254-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020013 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analyzed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An
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This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analyzed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An estimate is made of the energy uses associated with certain operating modes. The maximum level of consumption is estimated at approximately 280 kWh per day per bus for the urban route and excluding some special days, less than 215 kWh per day for the extra-urban route, for which a hybrid bus is proposed. Starting from an estimate of the daily consumption for the management of the two routes, the sizing of a photovoltaic (PV) plant distributed on some modular shelters which serves to power the same routes, is carried out. The resulting system has a power of the order of 190–200 kW. The modular solution is also outlined, and an installation is proposed. The analyzed case lends itself to being easily replicated.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)
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Optimized and Sustainable PV Water Pumping System with Three-Port Converter, a Case Study: The Al-Kharijah Oasis
by
Mohamed Selmy, Mohsen Z. El sherif, Miral Salah Noah and Islam M. Abdelqawee
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 227-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020012 - 4 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper an efficient, compact, and cheap power source design for an off-grid PV water pumping system is investigated. The proposed system consists of a PV array, battery, three-port converter (TPC), three-phase voltage source inverter, and induction motor pump. Power is extracted
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In this paper an efficient, compact, and cheap power source design for an off-grid PV water pumping system is investigated. The proposed system consists of a PV array, battery, three-port converter (TPC), three-phase voltage source inverter, and induction motor pump. Power is extracted from PV sources during the daytime and used to charge batteries through the three-port converter, then used later to supply load during the nighttime. An intelligent MPPT method is used to obtain PV maximum power; a jellyfish optimization technique with different control algorithms is used to optimize and tune controllers’ parameters among the system. Different modes for the TPC are discussed depending on PV power availability. The proposed system is simulated to assess system performance under different conditions; also the system is efficient with reduced number of components than conventional converters. A complete unified power management over PV input port, battery port, and load port has occurred for all operation modes. At all operation modes, the system has been feeding load without any unmet loads. A real case study in Al-Kharijah oasis is studied and simulation results are listed; for the Dom case DC bus ripple factor voltage percentage equals 0.8%, in the Dim case equals 3%, and in the Siso mode equals 9%.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)
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Single-Stage LLC Resonant Converter for Induction Heating System with Improved Power Quality
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Anand Kumar, Anik Goswami, Pradip Kumar Sadhu and Jerzy R. Szymanski
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 211-226; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020011 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a single-stage direct AC to high-frequency (HF) AC resonant converter based on LLC configuration for induction heating (IH) systems or HF applications. Unlike conventional converters for IH systems, the proposed topology converts the utility frequency to HF AC in a
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This paper proposes a single-stage direct AC to high-frequency (HF) AC resonant converter based on LLC configuration for induction heating (IH) systems or HF applications. Unlike conventional converters for IH systems, the proposed topology converts the utility frequency to HF AC in a single stage without using a DC link inductor and capacitors and takes the advantages of LLC configuration. Additionally, it improves the power factor to 0.9–1, lowers the THD (3.2% experimentally), and protects against the high-frequency components. An embedded control scheme was designed to keep the HF current oscillating at a resonant frequency, ensuring zero-voltage switching. The operating principle of the proposed topology was investigated using mathematical equations and equivalent circuits. Finally, it was verified using computer simulation, and an experimental prototype of 1.1 kW was developed to demonstrate the proposed topology’s uniqueness.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Power Converters)
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Development of a New Modelling Concept for Power Flow Calculations across Voltage Levels
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Tobias Riedlinger, Patrick Wintzek and Markus Zdrallek
Electricity 2024, 5(2), 174-210; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020010 - 1 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the context of the energy transition, the share of new loads such as charging infrastructure for electromobility and electric heat pumps as well as feed-ins such as photovoltaic systems will steadily increase. This results in an increased degree of complexity for strategic
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In the context of the energy transition, the share of new loads such as charging infrastructure for electromobility and electric heat pumps as well as feed-ins such as photovoltaic systems will steadily increase. This results in an increased degree of complexity for strategic network planning. In particular, the power flow analyses for the dimensioning of transformers and lines per network level currently still require different methods for the correct dimensioning of these equipment. They need to be carried out in separate data sets. For the dimensioning of the equipment simultaneity factors are predominantly used for realistic load assumptions in strategic network planning. These simultaneity factors and resulting load assumptions are determined from the planning perspective of the transformers and from the planning perspective of the lines per network level to be able to dimension the corresponding equipment. This results in different power flow results for the analysis and evaluation of different network levels in particular. This contribution presents a new concept for network modelling in which the simultaneity of the different planning perspectives of the different network levels results from a single power flow calculation in a coherent data set.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks)
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Measurement and Evaluation of Voltage Unbalance in 2 × 25 kV 50 Hz High-Speed Trains Using Variable Integration Period
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Yassine Taleb, Roa Lamrani and Ahmed Abbou
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 154-173; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010009 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
This article addresses the need for a standardized method to measure power quality in railroad systems, which differ from distribution and transmission networks. It evaluates the applicability of existing standards in detecting variations and short-term disturbances in railroad networks powered by the 50/60
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This article addresses the need for a standardized method to measure power quality in railroad systems, which differ from distribution and transmission networks. It evaluates the applicability of existing standards in detecting variations and short-term disturbances in railroad networks powered by the 50/60 Hz AC grid or the 2 × 25 kV AC network used for high-speed trains. The objective is to propose a standardized algorithm capable of accurately identifying disturbances to assess power quality on railway traction substations. A new method is proposed to characterize voltage imbalances more precisely. Practical demonstrations confirm that a short integration period, as used in existing standards, provides a more accurate estimation of disturbance amplitude and duration. Field experiments validate the proposed solution, embedded in equipment installed on the 225 kV line supplying the 2 × 25 kV AC substation for high-speed rail. Comparative analysis of results obtained during high-speed train journeys confirms the algorithm’s potential to aid standards committees in reviewing and updating existing standards, as well as expediting the creation, approval, and implementation of new standards for railway installations. Experimental comparisons of other power quality parameters, such as frequency and voltage harmonics, also underscore the algorithm’s utility in railway power quality assessment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electricity in 2024)
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Decentralised Voltage Regulation through Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation
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Edoardo Daccò, Davide Falabretti, Valentin Ilea, Marco Merlo, Riccardo Nebuloni and Matteo Spiller
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 134-153; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010008 - 12 Mar 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
The global capacity for renewable electricity generation has surged, with distributed photovoltaic generation being the primary driver. The increasing penetration of non-programmable renewable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) presents challenges for properly managing distribution networks, requiring advanced voltage regulation techniques. This paper proposes an
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The global capacity for renewable electricity generation has surged, with distributed photovoltaic generation being the primary driver. The increasing penetration of non-programmable renewable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) presents challenges for properly managing distribution networks, requiring advanced voltage regulation techniques. This paper proposes an innovative decentralised voltage strategy that considers DERs, particularly inverter-based ones, as autonomous regulators in compliance with the state-of-the-art European technical standards and grid codes. The proposed method uses an optimal reactive power flow that minimises voltage deviations along all the medium voltage nodes; to check the algorithm’s performance, it has been applied to a small-scale test network and on a real Italian medium-voltage distribution network, and compared with a fully centralised ORPF. The results show that the proposed decentralised autonomous strategy effectively improves voltage profiles in both case studies, reducing voltage deviation by a few percentage points; these results are further confirmed through an analysis conducted over several days to observe how seasons affect the results.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks)
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A Mixed-Methods Approach for Evaluating the Influence of Residential Practices for Thermal Comfort on Electricity Consumption in Auroville, India
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Kumar Biswajit Debnath, Olufolahan Osunmuyiwa, David P. Jenkins and Andrew D. Peacock
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 112-133; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010007 - 1 Mar 2024
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With rapid global economic growth and a rise in disposable household income, particularly within a progressively warming planet, the escalating demand for energy to achieve thermal comfort has become a salient concern in the Global South, notably in emerging economies like India. This
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With rapid global economic growth and a rise in disposable household income, particularly within a progressively warming planet, the escalating demand for energy to achieve thermal comfort has become a salient concern in the Global South, notably in emerging economies like India. This burgeoning need for cooling solutions has not only underscored the vital role of energy consumption but has also accentuated the imperative of comprehending the ensuing implications for electricity policy and strategic planning, particularly within the ambit of the Global South. This study explored the nuanced landscape of active cooling within an intentional community, Auroville, in southern India, aiming to discern the factors underpinning household preferences and practices in the pursuit of thermal comfort. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study contributed empirically and methodologically to the interdisciplinary discourse by analysing residential electricity consumption patterns and cooling practices within selected households in the specified community. The study unfolded in three methodological stages: firstly, an analysis of climatic data coupled with an environmental stress index (ESI) assessment; secondly, the monitoring of end-user electricity consumption followed by rigorous data analysis; and lastly, the utilisation of qualitative in-depth interviews and observational techniques. This study’s outcome yielded empirical insights into the unprecedented shifts in the ESI for Auroville since 2014. Furthermore, the study unravelled the intricate complexities inherent in occupant behaviour within residential structures, thereby offering valuable insights into the practices that shape householders’ cooling preferences. This research enriched the understanding of the dynamics of energy consumption in the pursuit of thermal comfort and contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development and energy policy in the context of climate change.
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Open AccessArticle
Cascaded Multi-Input Single-Output Boost Inverter for Mismatch Mitigation at PV Submodule Level
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Yousef Alharbi, Ahmed Darwish and Xiandong Ma
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 93-111; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010006 - 25 Feb 2024
Abstract
Mismatched power generation is a serious issue in PV systems, resulting from unequal power generation between PV components. Solutions have been proposed to reduce or eliminate the mismatch concern. One practical strategy is individually harvesting the maximum power from each PV component; the
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Mismatched power generation is a serious issue in PV systems, resulting from unequal power generation between PV components. Solutions have been proposed to reduce or eliminate the mismatch concern. One practical strategy is individually harvesting the maximum power from each PV component; the more distributed MPPT is applied to a finer level, the more power can be obtained. This study proposes three-input single-output boost converters that are employed to effectively increase PV power generation and significantly reduce mismatch issues between the PV submodule (PV SM). Each boost converter will be controlled to harvest the maximum power from a group of PV cells inside a single PV module. The outputs of the three boost converters are connected in series to provide higher output voltage for grid integration. The cascaded power converters are linked with a forwarding diode to provide a protection feature for the system and prevent the reverse current from harming the PV module. On the grid side, a single-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is used to convert the DC power from the PV module to sinusoidal AC power. The performance of the suggested inverter has been confirmed through experimental tests.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electricity in 2024)
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Open AccessReview
Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis on Smart Grids: Key Concepts and Research Trends
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Kasaraneni Purna Prakash, Yellapragada Venkata Pavan Kumar, Kasaraneni Himajyothi and Gogulamudi Pradeep Reddy
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 75-92; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010005 - 1 Feb 2024
Abstract
Over the years, a rapid evolution of smart grids has been witnessed across the world due to their intelligent operations and control, smart characteristics, and benefits, which can overcome several difficulties of traditional electric grids. However, due to multifaceted technological advancements, the development
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Over the years, a rapid evolution of smart grids has been witnessed across the world due to their intelligent operations and control, smart characteristics, and benefits, which can overcome several difficulties of traditional electric grids. However, due to multifaceted technological advancements, the development of smart grids is evolving day by day. Thus, smart grid researchers need to understand and adapt to new concepts and research trends. Understanding these new trends in smart grids is essential for several reasons, as the energy sector undergoes a major transformation towards becoming energy efficient and resilient. Moreover, it is imperative to realize the complete potential of modernizing the energy infrastructure. In this regard, this paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of smart grid concepts and research trends. In the initial search, the bibliometric data extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases totaled 11,600 and 2846 records, respectively. After thorough scrutiny, 2529 unique records were considered for the bibliometric analysis. Bibliometric analysis is a systematic method used to analyze and evaluate the scholarly literature on a particular topic and provides valuable insights to researchers. The proposed analysis provides key information on emerging research areas, high-impact sources, authors and their collaboration, affiliations, annual production of various countries and their collaboration in smart grids, and topic-wise title count. The information extracted from this bibliometric analysis will help researchers and other stakeholders to thoroughly understand the above-mentioned aspects related to smart grids. This analysis was carried out on smart grid literature by using the bibliometric package in R.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electricity in 2024)
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Open AccessArticle
Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar–Grid–Battery Hybrid Energy Systems for Grid-Connected University Campuses in Kenya
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Musong L. Katche, Augustine B. Makokha, Siagi O. Zachary and Muyiwa S. Adaramola
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 61-74; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010004 - 29 Jan 2024
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This paper presents the techno-economic feasibility of using grid-connected PV hybrid systems to supply power in large grid-dependent academic institutions. The study was conducted using the administration building of Moi University in Kenya. The power consumption profile of the building was collected using
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This paper presents the techno-economic feasibility of using grid-connected PV hybrid systems to supply power in large grid-dependent academic institutions. The study was conducted using the administration building of Moi University in Kenya. The power consumption profile of the building was collected using a PCE-360 power analyzer. The peak load demand was found to be 60 kW. Using random variability constants of 4% for day-to-day and 4% time-step load variability, a peak demand of 70.58 kW was obtained, which was used in our simulation. The solar radiation and temperature data for this site were collected from the weather station of the university. The hybrid system was simulated using HOMER Pro software. It was found from the simulation results that the optimal system was the solar PV/grid without battery storage, which had a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of KSH 8.78/kWh (USD 0.072), net present cost (NPC) of KSH 27,974,492 (USD 230,813), capital expenditure (CAPEX) of KSH 26,300,000 (USD 216,997), and a simple payback period (SPBP) of 5.08 years for a 25-year life span. This system, when compared to the existing grid, showed an 83.94% reduction in the annual electricity bill of the administration building. These results demonstrate a reduction in energy cost by a renewable energy fraction of 67.1%.
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Extension of the HEMRM—Full Harmonization of the Electricity Supply System
by
Zoran Marinšek, Sašo Brus and Gerhard Meindl
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 36-60; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010003 - 29 Jan 2024
Abstract
The current formal common denominator of the electricity supply system in Europe has been the Harmonized Electricity Market Role Model (HEMRM) set up by ENTSO-E, ebIX, and EFET at the turn of the millennium; it introduced the concept of de-coupling and the vertical
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The current formal common denominator of the electricity supply system in Europe has been the Harmonized Electricity Market Role Model (HEMRM) set up by ENTSO-E, ebIX, and EFET at the turn of the millennium; it introduced the concept of de-coupling and the vertical structuring of the system into the previously vertically integrated system. Since then, within demonstration projects, the system has been undergoing further changes in a controlled environment, generating bottom-up energy, caused by new technologies, business models, and new players, and extending the concept of the system to the level of energy communities and prosumers. Therefore, this paper proposes a coherent approach to the extension of HEMRM to the lowest levels in both the grid and market segments—full harmonization. This entails further structuring of both segments downwards and applying the principles of vertically nested subsystems—a system of systems approach—to a unit functional level of the electricity system, which can be the prosumer itself. At the lowest levels, the de-coupled system becomes coupled; additionally, it cross-sects with other energy vectors. Complete harmonization reduces the number of system and market segments and represents system standardization, leading to both subsystem and system-wide optimization. Prerequisites for it include the automated trading of flexibilities by the prosumers and implicit trading of energy transfer capacities along the distribution grids. The energy reservoirs, implicit and explicit, short-term, and long-term, play a vital role in techno-economic balancing.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Engineering Resulting from EU-Funded Horizon Europe Projects)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Characterization of an AC–DC Boost for Energy Harvesting Device Based on Magnetostrictive Materials
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Carmine Stefano Clemente, Daniele Davino, Immacolato Iannone and Vincenzo Paolo Loschiavo
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 24-35; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010002 - 15 Jan 2024
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Magnetostrictive alloys hold great promise for Energy Harvesting applications due to their inherent durability. However, their implementation often results in usable voltage ranges that fall significantly below common electronic standards like 1.6, 3.3, and 5 volts. Consequently, the utilization of electronic circuits becomes
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Magnetostrictive alloys hold great promise for Energy Harvesting applications due to their inherent durability. However, their implementation often results in usable voltage ranges that fall significantly below common electronic standards like 1.6, 3.3, and 5 volts. Consequently, the utilization of electronic circuits becomes essential to amplify the voltage and enhance energy conversion efficiency. Over the past few decades, numerous conversion techniques have been devised for other intelligent materials, such as piezoelectrics, some of which have even made their way into commercial products. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of specialized techniques, if not a complete absence, tailored to magnetostrictive devices. Among potential solutions, a suitable AC–DC Boost converter stands out as a highly promising candidate for addressing this challenge, but this solution has never been fully characterized. Then, this paper presents thorough experimental validations of such a converter, driven by a real-time Arduino board equipped to measure source time periods and operate under various conditions. We present several cases demonstrating the circuit’s substantial potential for enhancing energy harvesting from magnetostrictive materials.
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Open AccessArticle
Disaggregating Longer-Term Trends from Seasonal Variations in Measured PV System Performance
by
Chibuisi Chinasaokwu Okorieimoh, Brian Norton and Michael Conlon
Electricity 2024, 5(1), 1-23; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010001 - 1 Jan 2024
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely adopted for renewable energy generation, but their performance is influenced by complex interactions between longer-term trends and seasonal variations. This study aims to remove these factors and provide valuable insights for optimising PV system operation. We employ comprehensive
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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely adopted for renewable energy generation, but their performance is influenced by complex interactions between longer-term trends and seasonal variations. This study aims to remove these factors and provide valuable insights for optimising PV system operation. We employ comprehensive datasets of measured PV system performance over five years, focusing on identifying the distinct contributions of longer-term trends and seasonal effects. To achieve this, we develop a novel analytical framework that combines time series and statistical analytical techniques. By applying this framework to the extensive performance data, we successfully break down the overall PV system output into its constituent components, allowing us to find out the impact of the system degradation, maintenance, and weather variations from the inherent seasonal patterns. Our results reveal significant trends in PV system performance, indicating the need for proactive maintenance strategies to mitigate degradation effects. Moreover, we quantify the impact of changing weather patterns and provide recommendations for optimising the system’s efficiency based on seasonally varying conditions. Hence, this study not only advances our understanding of the intricate variations within PV system performance but also provides practical guidance for enhancing the sustainability and effectiveness of solar energy utilisation in both residential and commercial settings.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)
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Events Classification in Power Systems with Distributed Generation Sources Using an LSTM-Based Method with Multi-Input Tensor Approach
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Oswaldo Cortes-Robles, Emilio Barocio, Ernesto Beltran and Ramon Daniel Rodríguez-Soto
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 410-426; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040022 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based method with a multi-input tensor approach is used for the classification of events that affect the power quality (PQ) in power systems with distributed generation sources. The considered events are line faults (one line, two
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In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based method with a multi-input tensor approach is used for the classification of events that affect the power quality (PQ) in power systems with distributed generation sources. The considered events are line faults (one line, two lines, and three lines faulted), islanding events, sudden load variations, and generation tripping. The proposed LSTM-based method was trained and tested using the signals produced by the events simulated in a study system with distributed generation sources via PSCAD®. Then, noise with different levels was added to the testing set for a thorough assessment, and the results were compared with other well-known methods such as convolutional and simple recurrent neuronal networks. The LSTM-based method with multi-input proved to be effective for event classification, achieving remarkable classification performance even in noisy conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of a Large Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser on Power System Small-Signal Angular Stability
by
Guy Wanlongo Ndiwulu, Eduardo Vasquez Mayen and Emmanuel De Jaeger
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 381-409; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040021 - 1 Dec 2023
Abstract
The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being
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The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being subjected to a disturbance. Many studies have focused on the effects of conventional static and dynamic loads. However, the impact of hydrogen electrolysers on the stability of power systems’ rotor angles is rarely studied. This paper assesses the effect of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers on small-disturbance rotor-angle stability. Dynamic modelling and the control of a PEM electrolyser as a load are first studied to achieve this. Then, the proposed electrolyser model is tested in the Amercoeur plant, which is part of the Belgian power system, to study its effect on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. Two approaches are considered to examine this impact: an analytical approach and time-domain simulations. The analytical approach consists of establishing a state-space model of the Belgian test system through linearisation around an operating point of the non-linear differential and the algebraic equations of the synchronous generators, the PEM electrolyser, the loads, and the network. The obtained state-space model allows for the determination of the eigenvalues, which are useful to evaluate the effect of the PEM electrolyser on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. This impact is investigated by examining the movement of the eigenvalues in the left complex half-plane. The obtained results show that the PEM electrolyser affects the electromechanical modes of synchronous machines by increasing their oscillation frequencies. The results also show that the effect of the electrolyser on these modes can be improved by adjusting the inertial constant and the damping coefficient of the synchronous machines. These results are consolidated through time-domain simulations using the software Matlab/Simscape from the version MatlabR2022a-academic use from Mathworks.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)
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Open AccessReview
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resilient Power and Energy Systems: Progress, Prospects, and Future Avenues
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Mukesh Gautam
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 336-380; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040020 - 1 Dec 2023
Cited by 1
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In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered substantial attention in the context of enhancing resilience in power and energy systems. Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in
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In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered substantial attention in the context of enhancing resilience in power and energy systems. Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in ensuring the stability and dependability of critical infrastructure. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements and applications of DRL in enhancing the resilience of power and energy systems, highlighting significant contributions and key insights. The exploration commences with a concise elucidation of the fundamental principles of DRL, highlighting the intricate interplay among reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning, and the emergence of DRL. Furthermore, it categorizes and describes various DRL algorithms, laying a robust foundation for comprehending the applicability of DRL. The linkage between DRL and power system resilience is forged through a systematic classification of DRL applications into five pivotal dimensions: dynamic response, recovery and restoration, energy management and control, communications and cybersecurity, and resilience planning and metrics development. This structured categorization facilitates a methodical exploration of how DRL methodologies can effectively tackle critical challenges within the domain of power and energy system resilience. The review meticulously examines the inherent challenges and limitations entailed in integrating DRL into power and energy system resilience, shedding light on practical challenges and potential pitfalls. Additionally, it offers insights into promising avenues for future research, with the aim of inspiring innovative solutions and further progress in this vital domain.
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Improved Transient Performance of a DFIG-Based Wind-Power System Using the Combined Control of Active Crowbars
by
Muhammad Arif Sharafat Ali
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 320-335; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040019 - 14 Nov 2023
Abstract
A significant electromotive force is induced in the rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) due to its high vulnerability to grid faults. Therefore, the system performance must be increased with appropriate control actions that can successfully offset such abnormalities in
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A significant electromotive force is induced in the rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) due to its high vulnerability to grid faults. Therefore, the system performance must be increased with appropriate control actions that can successfully offset such abnormalities in order to provide consistent and stable operations during grid disturbances. In this regard, this paper presents a solution based on a combination of an energy storage-based crowbar and a rotor-side crowbar that makes the effective transient current and voltage suppression for wind-driven DFIG possible. The core of the solution is its ability to restrict the transient rotor and stator overcurrents and DC-link overvoltages within their prescribed limits, thereby protecting the DFIG and power converters and improving the system’s ability to ride through faults. Further, the capacity of an energy storage device for transient suppression is estimated. The results confirmed that the proposed approach not only kept the transient rotor and stator currents within ±50% of their respective rated values in severe system faults but also limited the DC-link voltage variations under ±15% of its rated value, achieving transient control objectives precisely and maintaining a stable grid connection during the faults.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances toward Carbon-Neutral Power System)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Communication System Characteristics on Electric Vehicle Grid Integration: A Large-Scale Practical Assessment of the UK’s Cellular Network for the Internet of Energy
by
Mehdi Zeinali, Nuh Erdogan, Islam Safak Bayram and John S. Thompson
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 309-319; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040018 - 3 Nov 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging
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The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging stations and empowers PEV users to manage their charging demand by using smart charging solutions. This makes PEV grids assets that provide flexibility to the power grid. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature can make smooth EVGI possible through a supporting communication infrastructure. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate communication protocol is essential for the successful implementation of EVGI. This study assesses the efficacy of the UK’s 4G network with TCP and 4G UDP protocols for potential EVGI operations. For this, an EVGI emulation test bed is developed, featuring three charging parking lots with the capacity to accommodate up to 64 PEVs. The network’s performance is assessed in terms of data packet loss (e.g., the data-exchange capability between EVGI entities) and latency metrics. The findings reveal that while 4G TCP often outperforms 4G UDP, both achieve latencies of less than 1 s with confidence intervals of 90% or greater for single PEV cases. However, it is observed that the high penetration of PEVs introduces a pronounced latency due to queuing delays in the network including routers and the base station servers, highlighting the challenges associated with maintaining efficient EVGI coordination, which in turn affects the efficient use of grid assets.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Future Electricity Network Infrastructures)
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