Journal Description
Applied Sciences
Applied Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of applied natural sciences published semimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Engineering )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Applied Sciences.
- Companion journals for Applied Sciences include: Applied Nano, AppliedChem, Applied Biosciences, Virtual Worlds, Spectroscopy Journal and JETA.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Valorization
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4959; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114959 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The extensive release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere is associated with the detrimental impacts of the global environmental crisis. Consequently, the valorization of CO2 from industrial processes holds great significance. Transforming CO2 into high added-value products (e.g.,
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The extensive release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere is associated with the detrimental impacts of the global environmental crisis. Consequently, the valorization of CO2 from industrial processes holds great significance. Transforming CO2 into high added-value products (e.g., CH4, C1-C3 deoxygenated products) has attracted considerable attention. This is feasible through the reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reactions; CO is initially formed and then hydrogenated, resulting in the production of hydrocarbons. Iron-based materials have a remarkable ability to catalyze both RWGS and FTS reactions, enhancing the olefinic nature of the resulting products. Within this context, iron-based nanoparticles, unsupported and supported on zeolite, were synthesized and physico-chemically evaluated, applying multiple techniques (e.g., BET, XRD, FT-IR, Raman, SEM/TEM, DLS, NH3-TPD, CO2-TPD). Preliminary experiments show the potential for the production of C2+ deoxygenated products. Among the tested samples, supported Fe3O4 and Na-Fe3O4 (A) nanoparticles on HZSM-5 are the most promising for promoting CO2 valorization into products with more than two carbon atoms. Results demonstrate that product distribution is highly affected by the presence of acid sites, as low-medium acid sites and medium acidity values enable the formation of C2+ hydrocarbons.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CCUS: Paving the Way to Net Zero Emissions Technologies)
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Open AccessArticle
Quantitative Analysis of Influencing Factors on Changzhou Ship Lock Capacity
by
Quanbo Xin, Yong Wang, Ming Zhang, Ruixi Wang and Yongchao Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4958; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114958 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Changzhou ship lock is approaching its capacity limit. In order to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors that restrict the capacity of the Changzhou ship lock, this study proposes an influencing factor analysis method based on principal component analysis (PCA). This method estimates
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The Changzhou ship lock is approaching its capacity limit. In order to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors that restrict the capacity of the Changzhou ship lock, this study proposes an influencing factor analysis method based on principal component analysis (PCA). This method estimates the confidence interval of ship passing time by fitting a lognormal distribution curve, eliminates redundancy in navigability data by combining the hydrological data and cargo load data, and quantitatively analyzes the influencing factors of ship lock capacity under saturated operating conditions. The results show that the influencing factors of Changzhou ship lock capacity are classified according to their influence contribution rate as minimum water depth above the lock sill, operation direction, ship dimensions, draft, loading capacity, and actual load. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for improving the ship lock capacity and have application value for lock scheduling management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital and Intelligent Solutions for Transportation Infrastructure)
Open AccessArticle
Techno-Economic Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Technology for Small- and Medium-Sized Animal Husbandry Enterprises
by
Alexandros Eftaxias, Iliana Kolokotroni, Christos Michailidis, Panagiotis Charitidis and Vasileios Diamantis
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114957 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Investments in small and medium-sized anaerobic digestion facilities have the potential to boost biogas production in Greece and other EU countries. This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion facilities equipped with combined heat and power (CHP) units ranging from
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Investments in small and medium-sized anaerobic digestion facilities have the potential to boost biogas production in Greece and other EU countries. This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion facilities equipped with combined heat and power (CHP) units ranging from 50 to 400 kW, while treating livestock waste. For this purpose, data were gathered from various livestock operations (dairy cattle, poultry, swine, dairy sheep and goats) regarding their annual production, revenues, electricity and fuel usage, and waste generation. Waste samples were then collected and analyzed to assess their biochemical methane production potential. The capital and operational costs of anaerobic digestion facilities, from 50 and 400 kW, were calculated using the equations developed within the “eMT cluster” project. Findings indicate that current feed-in tariffs (FITs) of 0.21 € kWh−1 are insufficient to incentivize investment in anaerobic digestion facilities with capacities below 250 kW, highlighting the need for increased FIT rates or capital expenditure subsidies. Recommendations include shifting towards simplified technology and business models with reduced farmer involvement, coupled with supportive legislative framework and long-term electricity price guarantees. These measures are expected to foster the implementation of anaerobic digestion projects in the animal husbandry sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
Open AccessSystematic Review
Fluoride Release by Restorative Materials after the Application of Surface Coating Agents: A Systematic Review
by
Dominik Tokarczuk, Oskar Tokarczuk, Jan Kiryk, Julia Kensy, Magdalena Szablińska, Tomasz Dyl, Wojciech Dobrzyński, Jacek Matys and Maciej Dobrzyński
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4956; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114956 - 6 Jun 2024
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Background: Fluoride is vital in dentistry for caries prevention, enhancing remineralization, and inhibiting bacteria. Incorporating fluoride into restorative materials like glass-ionomer cements, compomers, and giomers has significantly increased fluoride availability in the oral cavity. This review assesses how surface coatings influence fluoride release
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Background: Fluoride is vital in dentistry for caries prevention, enhancing remineralization, and inhibiting bacteria. Incorporating fluoride into restorative materials like glass-ionomer cements, compomers, and giomers has significantly increased fluoride availability in the oral cavity. This review assesses how surface coatings influence fluoride release from various dental restorative materials. Methods: In December 2023, we conducted electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) databases. In the Scopus database, the results were refined to titles, abstracts, and keywords, while in PubMed, they were narrowed down to titles and abstracts. In WoS, the results were refined only to abstracts. The search criteria were based on the terms fluoride AND release AND (coating OR glaze OR layer OR film OR varnish) AND (composite OR glass OR compomer), following PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework. Twenty-three studies were rigorously selected and analyzed for fluoride release from coated versus uncoated materials. Results: Surface coatings typically reduce the rate of fluoride release. Glass-ionomer cements had the highest release, followed by giomers and compomers. The initial release was greater in uncoated materials but stabilized over time, influenced by variables like artificial saliva and deionized water. Conclusions: Surface coatings generally decrease fluoride release rates from dental materials. Although initial rates are high, contributing to caries prevention, more standardized research is needed to better understand the impact of coatings and optimize materials for maximum preventive benefits.
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Technological Parameters on Sourdough Starter Obtained from Different Flours
by
Alina Alexandra Dobre, Elena Mirela Cucu and Nastasia Belc
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4955; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114955 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
One of the oldest biotechnological processes used in bread manufacture is sourdough production which relies on wild yeast and lactobacillus cultures naturally present in flour. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of selected flours of different cereal grains (ancient
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One of the oldest biotechnological processes used in bread manufacture is sourdough production which relies on wild yeast and lactobacillus cultures naturally present in flour. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of selected flours of different cereal grains (ancient wheat, corn, and rye), different dough variations, and temperature of fermentation on the quality of spontaneous sourdough. Two values of fermentation temperatures were tested (25 °C and 35 °C), and for each temperature analyzed, three backslopping steps were carried out to obtain mature doughs according to the traditional type I sourdough scheme. In total, 14 different sourdoughs were produced, and microbiology, pH, and total titration acidity for 96 h were determined. Optimal pH values for the samples determined that the optimal fermentation period was 48 h. The acidification rate of the dough was faster at 35 °C than at 25 °C. This fact became evident via the pH values obtained in the first 24 h. However, from this point, the pH values were lower in the samples kept at 25 °C, showing that a cooler fermentation temperature allows the acidification activity of the microorganisms to be prolonged for a longer time. In the study carried out, the ideal fermentation time for the population of LAB and yeasts is 72 h at a temperature of 25 °C, and the most productive sourdoughs were the dough with 100% Einkorn wheat flour and the dough obtained from the 1:1 combination of flour rye and corn flours.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Grain Processing for Food Industry)
Open AccessArticle
Vibrational Rarefaction Waves Excited by Laser-Induced Bubble within Confined Cuvettes and Their Feedback on Cavitation Dynamics: Influence of Wall and Liquid
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Lei Fu, Ziyao Peng, Xiaofan Du, Zhenxi Zhang, Jing Wang and Cuiping Yao
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4954; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114954 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this work, within finite liquid spaces confined by elastic walls and the free surface, we investigated the influence of wall and liquid on laser bubble-excited vibrational rarefaction waves, via the dynamics of the laser-induced plasma-mediated bubble and its accompanying small secondary bubble
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In this work, within finite liquid spaces confined by elastic walls and the free surface, we investigated the influence of wall and liquid on laser bubble-excited vibrational rarefaction waves, via the dynamics of the laser-induced plasma-mediated bubble and its accompanying small secondary bubble clouds. We observed the modulation of the rebound maximum radius (Rmax2) relative to the first oscillation period (Tosc1) for the laser bubble and the periodic appearance of secondary bubble clouds, which were caused by extra rarefaction waves. We found an approximate constant modulation period of Rmax2 (Tosc1) and increased time intervals between the adjacent secondary bubble clouds with increasing liquid height in the same cuvette, while both of them were remarkably increased with increasing inner size of cuvettes within the same liquid height. This indicated that the cuvette geometry and liquid volume alter the key characteristics of the vibrational rarefaction waves. It was further confirmed that extra rarefaction waves within the liquid are excited by wall vibrations linked to laser bubble expansion and its induced liquid-mass oscillations. Our study provides a better understanding of the interactions of laser-induced cavitation with liquid and elastic walls in confined geometry, which is essential for intraluminal laser surgery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fluid Science and Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Visual Disturbances on the Trend Changes of COP Displacement Courses Using Stock Exchange Indices
by
Piotr Wodarski, Marta Chmura and Jacek Jurkojć
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4953; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114953 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
This work aims to define a strategy for maintaining a vertical posture of the human body under conditions of conflicting sensory stimuli using a method of trend change analysis. The investigations involved 28 healthy individuals (13 females, 15 males, average age = 21,
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This work aims to define a strategy for maintaining a vertical posture of the human body under conditions of conflicting sensory stimuli using a method of trend change analysis. The investigations involved 28 healthy individuals (13 females, 15 males, average age = 21, SD = 1.3 years). Measurements were conducted with eyes opened and closed and in the virtual environment with two sceneries oscillating at two frequencies. Values in the time domain were calculated—the mean center of pressure (COP) velocity and movement range in the AP direction—as well as values based on the moving average convergence divergence (MACD) computational algorithm—the trend change index (TCI), MACD_dT, MACD_dS, and MACD_dV. After dividing the analysis into distinct time periods, an increase in TCI values was identified in the oscillating scenery at 0.7 and 1.4 Hz during the 0.5–1 and 0.2–0.5 s time periods, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between measurements with an oscillation frequency of 0.7 Hz and those with an oscillation frequency of 1.4 Hz during the 0.2–0.5 s and 0.5–1 s periods. The use of stock exchange indices in the assessment of the ability to keep a stable body posture supplements and extends standard analyses in the time and frequency domains.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–Computer Interaction and Virtual Environments)
Open AccessArticle
Research on Longitudinal Thermoelastic Waves in an Orthotropic Anisotropic Hollow Cylinder Based on the Thermoelastic Theory of Green–Naghdi
by
Jinjie Zhou, Xingwang Zhang, Yang Zheng, Xingquan Shen and Yuanxin Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4952; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114952 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
At present, many high-temperature pipelines need to carry out non-stop detection under high-temperature conditions, and an ultrasonic guided wave is undoubtedly one of the solutions with the highest potential to solve the problem. However, there is a lack of research on the propagation
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At present, many high-temperature pipelines need to carry out non-stop detection under high-temperature conditions, and an ultrasonic guided wave is undoubtedly one of the solutions with the highest potential to solve the problem. However, there is a lack of research on the propagation characteristics of longitudinal guided wave modes in high-temperature pipelines. Based on the Green–Naghdi (GN) generalized thermoelastic theory, a theoretical model of thermoelastic guided waves in an orthotropic hollow cylinder with a temperature field is established by using the Legendre polynomial series expansion method. Firstly, based on the GN thermoelastic theory, the coupling equations expressed by displacement and temperature are established by introducing the rectangular window function. The curves of dispersion, displacement, and temperature of the guided wave are numerically solved by using this equation. Subsequently, the influence of the diameter-to-thickness ratio on the dispersion of the longitudinal thermoelastic guided wave is analyzed at the same temperature. Finally, the effect of temperature field variation on the phase velocity dispersion is discussed, which provides a theoretical basis for the study of the dispersion characteristics of hollow cylindrical pipes containing temperature fields.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
User-Centric Internet of Things and Controlled Service Scheduling Scheme for a Software-Defined Network
by
Mohd Anjum, Hong Min and Zubair Ahmed
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4951; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114951 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Mobile users can access vital real-time services through wireless paradigms like software-defined network (SDN) topologies and the Internet of Things. Point-of-contact-based infrastructures and dynamic user densities increase resource access and service-sharing concurrency. Thus, controlling power consumption and network and device congestion becomes a
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Mobile users can access vital real-time services through wireless paradigms like software-defined network (SDN) topologies and the Internet of Things. Point-of-contact-based infrastructures and dynamic user densities increase resource access and service-sharing concurrency. Thus, controlling power consumption and network and device congestion becomes a major issue for SDN-based IoT applications. This paper uses the Controlled Service Scheduling Scheme (CS3) to address the challenge of simultaneous scheduling and power allocation. The suggested approach uses deep recurrent learning and probabilistic balancing for power allocation and service distribution during user-centric concurrent sharing intervals. The SDN control plane decides how much power to use for service delivery while forecasting user service demands directs the scheduling interval allocation. Power management is under the control plane of the SDN, whereas service distribution is under the data plane. Power-to-service requirements are evaluated probabilistically, and updates for both aircraft are obtained via the deep learning model. This allocation serves as the basis for training the learning model to alleviate power deficits across succeeding intervals. The simulation experiments are modeled using the Contiki Cooja simulator, where 200 mobile users are placed. The proposed plan delivers a 14.9% high-service distribution for various users, 18.29% less delay, 13.34% less failure, 5.54% less downtime, and 18.68% less power consumption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation of Internet of Things (IoT): New Advances, Solutions, Applications, Services and Challenges)
Open AccessArticle
Reliability Analysis of Small-Sample Failure Data for Random Truncation High-Voltage Relay
by
Yingzhi Zhang, Feng Han, Fang Yang, Xiaofeng Wang and Yutong Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4950; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114950 - 6 Jun 2024
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In order to model and evaluate the reliability of long-life high-voltage relays with small-sample fault data characteristics, a reliability analysis method integrating average rank, the minimum mean square distance empirical distribution function, and total least squares estimation is proposed. In the random truncation
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In order to model and evaluate the reliability of long-life high-voltage relays with small-sample fault data characteristics, a reliability analysis method integrating average rank, the minimum mean square distance empirical distribution function, and total least squares estimation is proposed. In the random truncation experiment, considering the influence of random truncation data, the average rank method is used to correct the rank of small-sample fault data; then, the optimal empirical distribution function for small-sample fault data is obtained through the minimum average square distance, which can overcome the impact of small-sample fault data randomness. Under the assumption of the Weibull distribution model, the total least squares estimation method is used for reliability model parameter estimations, and the linear correlation coefficient and d-test method are used for model hypothesis testing. If two or more distribution models pass the linear correlation coefficient test and the d-test simultaneously, the root mean square error and relative root mean square error are applied to determine the optimal reliability model. The effectiveness of this method is verified by comparing it with the maximum likelihood estimation method.
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Open AccessArticle
DFD-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Deep Features in Dynamic Environment
by
Wei Qian, Jiansheng Peng and Hongyu Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4949; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114949 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Visual SLAM technology is one of the important technologies for mobile robots. Existing feature-based visual SLAM techniques suffer from tracking and loop closure performance degradation in complex environments. We propose the DFD-SLAM system to ensure outstanding accuracy and robustness across diverse environments. Initially,
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Visual SLAM technology is one of the important technologies for mobile robots. Existing feature-based visual SLAM techniques suffer from tracking and loop closure performance degradation in complex environments. We propose the DFD-SLAM system to ensure outstanding accuracy and robustness across diverse environments. Initially, building on the ORB-SLAM3 system, we replace the original feature extraction component with the HFNet network and introduce a frame rotation estimation method. This method determines the rotation angles between consecutive frames to select superior local descriptors. Furthermore, we utilize CNN-extracted global descriptors to replace the bag-of-words approach. Subsequently, we develop a precise removal strategy, combining semantic information from YOLOv8 to accurately eliminate dynamic feature points. In the TUM-VI dataset, DFD-SLAM shows an improvement over ORB-SLAM3 of 29.24% in the corridor sequences, 40.07% in the magistrale sequences, 28.75% in the room sequences, and 35.26% in the slides sequences. In the TUM-RGBD dataset, DFD-SLAM demonstrates a 91.57% improvement over ORB-SLAM3 in highly dynamic scenarios. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Robotics II)
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Open AccessArticle
Establishment and Accuracy Analysis of Measurement Control Network Based on Length–Angle Mixed Intersection Adjustment Model
by
Zhi Xiong, Chunsen Li, Hao Zhang, Chenxiaopeng Zhong, Zhongsheng Zhai and Ziyue Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4948; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114948 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
To achieve high-precision measurements of target points on long straight tracks, a multi-level measurement method based on length–angle mixed intersection techniques was explored. Firstly, a control network with graded measurement levels was proposed, based on the spatial error characteristics of different measuring devices
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To achieve high-precision measurements of target points on long straight tracks, a multi-level measurement method based on length–angle mixed intersection techniques was explored. Firstly, a control network with graded measurement levels was proposed, based on the spatial error characteristics of different measuring devices and the principle of nonlinear least squares, and a method for adjustment calculation based on length–angle mixed intersection was studied. Secondly, numerical simulation was conducted to assess the impact of instrument placement on measurement accuracy, and the results indicated that central positioning within the measurement range can effectively minimize the overall point location errors. Finally, the methodology was validated in a practical setting at a rocket sled test site. Experimental results demonstrated that, within a measurement range of approximately 669 m, when target points were located on one side of the track and distance measurements were used as benchmark values, the measurement control network achieved a distance standard deviation of 0.20 mm. The range of distance deviations was between −0.85 mm and 0.98 mm. This approach offers substantial reference value for high-precision coordinate measurements over extended distances.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Instrument and Measurement Technology)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Urban Transportation Resilience under Extreme Weather Events
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Yuepeng Cui, Zijian Liu, Huiming Wu, Pengju Sun and Fubin Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4947; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114947 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events (EWEs) in recent years has posed major hazards to urban transportation as well as socioeconomic impacts. A quantitative evaluation of the urban transportation resilience to minimize the impact caused by EWEs becomes critical to the rapid
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The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events (EWEs) in recent years has posed major hazards to urban transportation as well as socioeconomic impacts. A quantitative evaluation of the urban transportation resilience to minimize the impact caused by EWEs becomes critical to the rapid recovery of urban transportation after disasters. However, there is, generally, a lack of reliable data sources to monitor urban transportation performance under EWEs. This empirical study proposes a performance indicator (displacement) and quantitative method for evaluating the urban transportation performance under EWEs based on bus GPS trajectory datasets. Furthermore, the transportation resilience of it is quantified, and the variation is compared across temporal and spatial dimensions. The method is applied in a case study of Fuzhou, China, under rainstorm events. The results show that the Gulou and Jinan subareas have the highest transportation resilience during the yellow and red rainstorm warnings. By formulating an emergency plan and taking mitigation measures, the transportation performance in the Jinan subarea during the red rainstorm warning was improved by 36% compared to the yellow rainstorm warning. The empirical study not only fills the knowledge gap for quantifying the transportation resilience across the geographical boundary under rainstorm events, but also estimates the operation status of the road network. The results will help policymakers prioritize the resource distribution and develop effective policies or measures to further improve transportation resilience in the city.
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Open AccessArticle
A Spectral Clustering Algorithm for Non-Linear Graph Embedding in Information Networks
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Li Ni, Peng Manman and Wu Qiang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4946; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114946 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
With the development of network technology, information networks have become one of the most important means for people to understand society. As the scale of information networks expands, the construction of network graphs and high-dimensional feature representation will become major factors affecting the
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With the development of network technology, information networks have become one of the most important means for people to understand society. As the scale of information networks expands, the construction of network graphs and high-dimensional feature representation will become major factors affecting the performance of spectral clustering algorithms. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a spectral clustering algorithm based on similarity graphs and non-linear deep embedding, named .This algorithm introduces a new spectral clustering model that explores the underlying structure of graphs through sparse similarity graphs and deep graph representation learning, thereby enhancing graph clustering performance. Experimental analysis with multiple types of real datasets shows that the performance of this model surpasses several advanced benchmark algorithms and performs well in clustering on medium- to large-scale information networks.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Data Mining, Analysis and Modeling Based on Machine Learning)
Open AccessArticle
Using Machine Learning to Predict Pedestrian Compliance at Crosswalks in Jordan
by
Madhar M. Taamneh, Ahmad H. Alomari and Salah M. Taamneh
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4945; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114945 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study employs machine learning (ML) techniques to predict pedestrian compliance at crosswalks in urban settings in Jordan, aiming to enhance pedestrian safety and traffic management. Utilizing data from 2437 pedestrians at signalized intersections in Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa, four models based on
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This study employs machine learning (ML) techniques to predict pedestrian compliance at crosswalks in urban settings in Jordan, aiming to enhance pedestrian safety and traffic management. Utilizing data from 2437 pedestrians at signalized intersections in Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa, four models based on different ML algorithms were developed: an artificial neural network (ANN), a support vector machine (SVM), a decision tree (ID3), and a random forest (RF). The results have shown that local infrastructure and traffic conditions influence pedestrian behavior. The RF model, with its excellent accuracy and precision, has proven to be an excellent choice for accurately predicting pedestrian behavior. This research provides valuable insights into the demographic and spatial aspects that influence pedestrian compliance with laws and regulations in the local environment. Additionally, this work highlights the ability of ML algorithms to improve urban traffic dynamics. Policymakers and urban planners, particularly with the rise of theories and trends toward the humanization of urban roads, should firmly establish this understanding among themselves to create environments that make pedestrians safer. This strategy could be a measurable solution for international urban situations if future research focuses on integrating these prediction models with real-time traffic management systems to improve pedestrian safety dynamically.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Simulation Techniques for Transportation)
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Vehicle Wake on the Control of Towed Systems
by
Jinjing Gu and Zhibo Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4944; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114944 - 6 Jun 2024
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The hydrodynamic wake generated by the underwater vehicle’s motion has a considerable impact on the movement of the towed system underwater. This paper utilizes the lumped mass method to model the towed cable in order to improve the accuracy of predicting its position
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The hydrodynamic wake generated by the underwater vehicle’s motion has a considerable impact on the movement of the towed system underwater. This paper utilizes the lumped mass method to model the towed cable in order to improve the accuracy of predicting its position and attitude in the wake, and to determine the suitable cable-towed position. Velocity is transferred from the flow field to the cable dynamic model in an innovative way to imitate the motion of the cable. Several iterations are conducted to enhance the dynamic reactivity of the cable system. Numerical simulations are used to model both the straight towed and turning movements. The numerical calculation provides the characteristics of vorticity in the flow field formed by the energy exchange between the vorticity and the cable, as well as the gradually dissipating vorticity and momentum exchange characteristics at the trailing edge of the enclosure. The results indicate that the best location for the cable towed is where its motion does not cause any adhesion. On the other hand, the disadvantageous scenario for cable-towed systems occurs when the cable’s movement causes substantial adhesion. This paper innovatively establishes a model of mechanical energy exchange, describes the characteristics of energy exchange between the cable and fluid dynamics, and divides the four regions of cable motion. In the manipulation state, the dynamic energy exchange between the cable and the wake results in the transient vibration response of the cable. The fluid structure coupling method can accurately determine the separation region of the towed point of the vehicle based on its compatibility (non-adhesive) and incompatibility (adhesive). The boundary of the region is defined to distinguish a free tow point from a wall-attached tow point. A transition zone has the possibility to change the pattern from a free tow to a wall-attached tow. The wake can be divided into free tow region, transition zone, and adjacent wall tow region by this fluid structure interaction assessment method.
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Open AccessArticle
A Trajectory Optimisation-Based Incremental Learning Strategy for Learning from Demonstration
by
Yuqi Wang, Weidong Li and Yuchen Liang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4943; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114943 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The insufficient generalisation capability of the conventional learning from demonstration (LfD) model necessitates redemonstrations. In addition, retraining the model can overwrite existing knowledge, making it impossible to perform previously acquired skills in new application scenarios. These are not economical and efficient. To address
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The insufficient generalisation capability of the conventional learning from demonstration (LfD) model necessitates redemonstrations. In addition, retraining the model can overwrite existing knowledge, making it impossible to perform previously acquired skills in new application scenarios. These are not economical and efficient. To address the issues, in this study, a broad learning system (BLS) and probabilistic roadmap (PRM) are integrated with dynamic movement primitive (DMP)-based LfD. Three key innovations are proposed in this paper: (1) segmentation and extended demonstration: a 1D-based topology trajectory segmentation algorithm (1D-SEG) is designed to divide the original demonstration into several segments. Following the segmentation, a Gaussian probabilistic roadmap (G-PRM) is proposed to generate an extended demonstration that retains the geometric features of the original demonstration. (2) DMP modelling and incremental learning updating: BLS-based incremental learning for DMP (Bi-DMP) is performed based on the constructed DMP and extended demonstration. With this incremental learning approach, the DMP is capable of self-updating in response to task demands, preserving previously acquired skills and updating them without training from scratch. (3) Electric vehicle (EV) battery disassembly case study: this study developed a solution suitable for EV battery disassembly and established a decommissioned battery disassembly experimental platform. Unscrewing nuts and battery cell removal are selected to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms based on the battery disassembly experimental platform. In this study, the effectiveness of the algorithms designed in this paper is measured by the success rate and error of the task execution. In the task of unscrewing nuts, the success rate of the classical DMP is 57.14% and the maximum error is 2.760 mm. After the optimisation of 1D-SEG, G-PRM, and Bi-DMP, the success rate of the task is increased to 100% and the maximum error is reduced to 1.477 mm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Automation)
Open AccessArticle
Disturbance Propagation Model of Luggage Drifting Motion Based on Nonlinear Pressure in Typical Passenger Corridors of Transportation Hubs
by
Bingyu Wei, Rongyong Zhao, Cuiling Li, Miyuan Li, Yunlong Ma and Eric S. W. Wong
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4942; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114942 - 6 Jun 2024
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In current transportation hubs, passengers travelling with wheeled luggage or suitcases is a common phenomenon. Due to the fact that most luggage occupies a certain space in dense passenger crowds with high mass inertia, its abnormal motion, such as drifting, can frequently trigger
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In current transportation hubs, passengers travelling with wheeled luggage or suitcases is a common phenomenon. Due to the fact that most luggage occupies a certain space in dense passenger crowds with high mass inertia, its abnormal motion, such as drifting, can frequently trigger unavoidable local disturbances and turbulence in the surrounding pedestrian flows, further increasing congestion risk. Meanwhile, there still is a lack of quantitative disturbance propagation analysis, since most state-of-the-art achievements rely on either scenario-based experiments or the spatial characteristics of crowd distribution assessed qualitatively. Therefore, this study considers the luggage-laden passenger as a deformable particle. The resulting disturbance on surrounding non-luggage-carrying passengers is analyzed and quantified into a nonlinear pressure term. Subsequently, the disturbance propagation model of passenger-owned luggage is developed by adapting the classical Aw–Rascle traffic flow model with a pressure term. Simulation experiments of disturbances caused by luggage drifting and retrograding were conducted in Pathfinder 2022 Software. Experimental results showed that the disturbing force of a left-sided crowd can reach a peak of 238 N with a passenger density of 3.0 , and the maximum force difference between the left- and right-sided disturbing force can reach 153 N, as confirmed by a case study in an L-shaped corridor of a transportation hub. Furthermore, it is recommended that the proposed model can be applied in crowd flow analysis and intelligent decision-making for passenger management in transportation hubs.
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Open AccessArticle
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with a Variable Injection Rate
by
Jun Chen, Guanyu Shi, Jinzhe Wu, Chenghao Cao, Lei Zhou, Wu Xu, Sheng Wang and Xiaofeng Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4941; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114941 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Diesel engine combustion is dependent mainly on the fuel injection characteristics, particularly the injection pressure and rate, which directly affect the engine efficiency and emissions. Herein, an electrically controlled supercharger is added to a traditional high-pressure common rail system to form an ultrahigh-pressure
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Diesel engine combustion is dependent mainly on the fuel injection characteristics, particularly the injection pressure and rate, which directly affect the engine efficiency and emissions. Herein, an electrically controlled supercharger is added to a traditional high-pressure common rail system to form an ultrahigh-pressure common rail system. Then, the variations in the spray, combustion, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with a variable fuel injection rate are analyzed. Moreover, a simulation model for a diesel engine combustion chamber is built and verified by experimental results for numerical analysis. The results reveal that the injection rate can be flexibly adjusted via regulation when the solenoid valves are opened on the electrically controlled supercharger. Specifically, (1) the boot-shaped injection rate has greater potential than the traditional rectangular injection rate in terms of combustion and emission; (2) the main injection advance angle at the boot-shaped injection rate can be properly increased to improve combustion; and (3) the pilot injection quantity and advance angle are strongly coupled with the boot-shaped injection rate, potentially enhancing the mixing efficiency of fuel and air in the cylinder to achieve favorable emission results. This paper provides good guidance for the reliable design and optimization of noble-metal-based diesel engines.
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Open AccessReview
Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits and Food Applications of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and Artichoke By-Products: A Review
by
Pablo Ayuso, Jhazmin Quizhpe, María de los Ángeles Rosell, Rocío Peñalver and Gema Nieto
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4940; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114940 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cynara scolymus L. is an herbaceous plant originally from the western Mediterranean area, with Italy, Spain and France the main being producers. Both the edible flowering head and the by-products generated during processing (outer bracts, leaves and stem) are characterized by a high
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Cynara scolymus L. is an herbaceous plant originally from the western Mediterranean area, with Italy, Spain and France the main being producers. Both the edible flowering head and the by-products generated during processing (outer bracts, leaves and stem) are characterized by a high content of essential vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds. In particular, the leaves represent a great source of phenolic acids derived from caffeoylquinic acid or flavonoids such as luteonin and apigenin, while the head and stem contain a high content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, especially inulin and pectins. Its high content of bioactive compounds provides artichoke a high antioxidant power due to the modulation effect of the transcription factor Nrf2, which may lead to protection against cardiovascular, hepatic and neurological disorders. The potential use of artichoke as a functional ingredient in the food industry may be promising in terms of improving the nutritional value of products, as well as preventing oxidation and extending the shelf-life of processed foods due to its antimicrobial activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the nutritional qualities of Cynara scolymus L. and its by-products, focusing on the possible health effects and potential applications in food products as a higher-value-added alternative ingredient.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Compounds in Food Processing)
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