Journal Description
Applied Sciences
Applied Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of applied natural sciences published semimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Applied Sciences.
- Companion journals for Applied Sciences include: Applied Nano, AppliedChem, Applied Biosciences, Virtual Worlds, Spectroscopy Journal and JETA.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Pyramid Feature Attention Network for Speech Resampling Detection
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4803; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114803 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Speech forgery and tampering, increasingly facilitated by advanced audio editing software, pose significant threats to the integrity and privacy of digital speech avatars. Speech resampling is a post-processing operation of various speech-tampering means, and the forensic detection of speech resampling is of great
[...] Read more.
Speech forgery and tampering, increasingly facilitated by advanced audio editing software, pose significant threats to the integrity and privacy of digital speech avatars. Speech resampling is a post-processing operation of various speech-tampering means, and the forensic detection of speech resampling is of great significance. For speech resampling detection, most of the previous works used traditional methods of feature extraction and classification to distinguish original speech from forged speech. In view of the powerful ability of deep learning to extract features, this paper converts the speech signal into a spectrogram with time-frequency characteristics, and uses the feature pyramid network (FPN) with the Squeeze and Excitation (SE) attention mechanism to learn speech resampling features. The proposed method combines the low-level location information and the high-level semantic information, which dramatically improves the detection performance of speech resampling. Experiments were carried out on a resampling corpus made on the basis of the TIMIT dataset. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly improved the detection accuracy of various resampled speech. For the tampered speech with a resampling factor of 0.9, the detection accuracy is increased by nearly 20%. In addition, the robustness test demonstrates that the proposed model has strong resistance to MP3 compression, and the overall performance is better than the existing methods.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning for Speech, Image and Language Processing)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Particle Sizing and Surface Area Measurements: A Comparative Assessment of Commercial Air Permeability and Laser Light Diffraction Instruments
by
Janusz Konstanty and Dorota Tyrala
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4802; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114802 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Six different commercial powders, finer than 45 μm, were used for examining the effects of particle characteristics on mean particle size and specific surface area. The measurements were carried out using the most commonly used air permeability- and laser light diffraction (scattering) techniques.
[...] Read more.
Six different commercial powders, finer than 45 μm, were used for examining the effects of particle characteristics on mean particle size and specific surface area. The measurements were carried out using the most commonly used air permeability- and laser light diffraction (scattering) techniques. As the air permeability method has been used as a benchmark for decades in the powder metallurgy (P/M) industry, the physical phenomena that govern the passage of gas through the powder bed under laminar flow conditions were also presented. The experimental data indicate that both methods give similar results for spherical powders. The advantage of laser light systems over gas permeameters is the ability to provide additional information on particle size distribution. Irregularly shaped powders should be analyzed by both techniques, relying on gas permeametry for surface area measurements and on laser light diffraction for the estimation of mean particle size and size distribution. Application of scanning electron microscopy as a complementary technique was found very helpful in the interpretation of data through visualization of individual particles.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
An Investigation of Fly Ash and Slag Processing and Fiber Production Using Plasma Technology
by
Žydrūnas Kavaliauskas, Romualdas Kėželis, Viktorija Grigaitienė, Mindaugas Milieška, Vitas Valinčius, Rolandas Uscila, Rita Kriūkienė and Arūnas Baltušnikas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4801; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114801 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
As the world’s population grows and resource consumption rises, there will be an increase in household waste and, consequently, the fly ash and slag from after the incineration of this waste need to be properly recycled or used as secondary raw materials in
[...] Read more.
As the world’s population grows and resource consumption rises, there will be an increase in household waste and, consequently, the fly ash and slag from after the incineration of this waste need to be properly recycled or used as secondary raw materials in other industries. The authors of this work propose an innovative technology that has not yet been studied much in the literature; the obtained slag and fly ash are processed by plasma technology, and from those, fiber is formed. As shown by SEM studies, the raw material (before plasma–chemical treatment) consists of irregularly shaped granules or rod-shaped microforms. EDS studies show that both the original material and the products obtained after plasma–chemical processing are composed of various metal elements, but they make up a significantly small part, as the predominant elements are C, O, Cl, Si, and Ca. BET studies show that when the fiber is obtained with a plasma torch power of 55.5; 55.6 and 74 kW, respectively, the specific surface area is 11.9; 8.5 and 3 m2/g. It is worth noting that the raw material obtained after plasma–chemical processing is sufficiently clean and harmless to the environment, so it can be used as a secondary raw material, e.g., for the production of thermal insulation, in the production of catalysts, as a component in the production of concrete, or in other industries.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Characteristics of Wave Glider
by
Taotao Xie, Jiawei Zhang, Dawei Xiao and Qing Ji
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4800; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114800 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
A wave glider is an ocean observation platform that utilizes wave energy to drive and solar energy to power. Its metal structure will generate related electromagnetic fields due to corrosion and underwater motion. In the detection of weak electromagnetic field signals underwater, its
[...] Read more.
A wave glider is an ocean observation platform that utilizes wave energy to drive and solar energy to power. Its metal structure will generate related electromagnetic fields due to corrosion and underwater motion. In the detection of weak electromagnetic field signals underwater, its own electromagnetic field characteristics will have an impact on signal detection. To study the applicability of electric field sensors and magnetic field sensors on wave glider platforms, the structural characteristics of the wave glider were analyzed, and the installation positions of electric field sensors and magnetic field sensors were designed based on the different motion states of the water surface mother body and underwater towing body. The measured electromagnetic field data of the wave glider platform were measured, and the measured data were analyzed. It was determined that the interference electric field energy under typical working conditions of the wave glider was mainly concentrated within 1 Hz, which decreased with increasing frequency, and the magnitude was mV/m. The magnitude of the interference magnetic field is several tens of nT, indicating that the electromagnetic field interference is significant during the working state of the wave glider. Installing an electric field sensor directly at the bottom of the wave glider will cause significant noise interference, while installing the magnetic field sensor directly at the bottom of the tractor will affect the servo and the shaking-induced magnetic field. Moreover, wave gliders should not use electric field signals below 1 Hz as signal sources, but they can utilize axial frequency electromagnetic fields to detect weak electromagnetic signals underwater.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Guidance and Control of Marine Robotics)
Open AccessArticle
Analytical Evaluation of Laser Cleaning Effectiveness in the Context of Contemporary Muralism
by
Yezi Zhang, Francesca Zenucchini, Chiara Ricci, Paola Croveri and Dominique Scalarone
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4799; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114799 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Contemporary murals and street art play a critical role in urban culture, serving as platforms for social activism and reflecting the vibrancy of city life. This study within the SuperStaAr project framework examines the challenge of graffiti removal while safeguarding the original synthetic
[...] Read more.
Contemporary murals and street art play a critical role in urban culture, serving as platforms for social activism and reflecting the vibrancy of city life. This study within the SuperStaAr project framework examines the challenge of graffiti removal while safeguarding the original synthetic paint layers. Through a detailed investigation using Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers (Nd:YAG), we evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser cleaning techniques on both unaged and artificially aged mural mock-ups. The initial findings highlight the Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers as promising for removing graffiti without compromising the paint integrity. Our assessment criteria—encompassing residue presence, surface roughness, color changes, cleaning effectiveness, and pigment pickup—were validated through empirical evaluation and supported by colorimetric, micro–ATR–FTIR, and Py–GC/MS analyses. Notably, the incorporation of a passive sampling system for Py–GC/MS analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the ablated materials without direct sampling from the artwork. This research contributes a foundational framework for the evaluation of laser cleaning in mural conservation, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies to enhance the sustainability of urban art conservation efforts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Analytical Methods for Cultural Heritage)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Inversion of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Wuliangsu Lake Based on OGolden-DBO-XGBoost
by
Hao Zhou, Xueliang Fu and Honghui Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4798; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114798 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is one of the important indicators in water bodies for assessing the ecological health of water quality. In this paper, an OGolden-DBO-XGBoost Chl-a concentration inversion model is proposed using Wuliangsu Lake as the study area, and by combining the Sentinel-2
[...] Read more.
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is one of the important indicators in water bodies for assessing the ecological health of water quality. In this paper, an OGolden-DBO-XGBoost Chl-a concentration inversion model is proposed using Wuliangsu Lake as the study area, and by combining the Sentinel-2 remote-sensing satellite images and measured Chl-a concentration data in Wuliangsu Lake, the XGBoost model is optimized using the hybrid-strategy-improved dung beetle optimization algorithm (OGolden-DBO), and an OGolden-DBO-XGBoost Chl-a concentration inversion model. The OGolden-DBO-XGBoost model’s coefficients of determination (R2s) were 0.8936 and 0.8850 on the training set and test set, according to the results. The root mean squared errors (RMSEs) were 3.1353 and 2.9659 μg/L, and the mean absolute errors (MAEs) were 1.8918 and 2.4282 μg/L. The model performed well and provided a strong support for the detection of Chl-a concentration in Wuliangsu Lake.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Artificial Neural Network-Based Data-Driven Embedded Controller Design for a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle-Actuated Pressing Unit
by
Mustafa Engin, Okan Duymazlar and Dilşad Engin
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4797; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114797 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Obtaining mathematical models of nonlinear cyber–physical systems for use in controller design is both difficult and time consuming. In this paper, an ANN-based method is proposed to design a controller for a nonlinear system that does not require a mathematical model. The developed
[...] Read more.
Obtaining mathematical models of nonlinear cyber–physical systems for use in controller design is both difficult and time consuming. In this paper, an ANN-based method is proposed to design a controller for a nonlinear system that does not require a mathematical model. The developed ANN-based control algorithm is implemented directly on a real-time field controller, and its performance is evaluated without the use of auxiliary devices, such as PCs or workstations. By executing machine learning algorithms on local devices or embedded systems, edge artificial intelligence (Edge AI) with transfer learning gives priority to processing data at the source, minimizing the necessity for continuous connectivity to remote servers. The control algorithm was developed using the Matlab Simulink environment. The first and second ANNs were cascaded, wherein the first ANN computes the appropriate pressure signal for the given displacement, while the second predicts the force based on the pressure value from the first ANN. Subsequently, the ANN-based control algorithm was converted to SCL code using the Simulink PLC Coder and deployed on the PLC for operation. The algorithm was tested using two different scenarios. The conducted tests demonstrated the successful prediction of pressure signals corresponding to the targeted displacement values and accurate estimation of force values. Experimental work was carried out on PAM manipulators as a nonlinear model application, and the obtained results were discussed.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Filtering Efficiency and Design Properties of Medical- and Non-Medical-Grade Face Masks: A Multiscale Modeling Approach
by
Manoochehr Rasekh, Francesca Pisapia, Sassan Hafizi and David Rees
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4796; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114796 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Approved medical face masks have been shown to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets associated with coronavirus transmission in specific settings. The primary goal of this study was to develop a new strategy to assess the filtering and transmissibility properties of medical- and
[...] Read more.
Approved medical face masks have been shown to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets associated with coronavirus transmission in specific settings. The primary goal of this study was to develop a new strategy to assess the filtering and transmissibility properties of medical- and non-medical-grade face masks. In this study, we designed and assessed the filtering efficiency of particles through six different masks with a diverse set of fabrics, textures (woven and non-woven), fiber diameters, and porosity. The filtering and transmissibility properties of face mask layers individually and in combination have been assessed using mathematical analyses and new experimental data. The latter provided velocity profiles and filtration efficiencies for which the data were shown to be predictable. The filtration efficacy and pressure drop across each fabric have been tested using an aerosol particle spray and scanning electron microscopy. To assess clinical significance, the temperature and humidity of the masks were tested on a group of healthy volunteers spanning various age ranges (9–79 years old), utilizing an embedded temperature sensor disc. Also, a mask filter model was developed using fluid dynamic simulations (Solidworks Flow) to evaluate the aerodynamic dispersion of respiratory droplets. Overall, the FFP2 and FFP3 masks demonstrated the highest filtration efficiencies, each exceeding 90%, a feature of multi-layered masks that is consistent with simulations demonstrating higher filtering efficiencies for small particles (<5 µm). The velocity and temperature simulations of all six masks revealed a low air velocity (~1 m/s) inside the mask and a temperature variation of approximately 3 °C during the breathing cycle.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling of Complex Fluids and Soft Matter)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Creating Interactive Scenes in 3D Educational Games: Using Narrative and Technology to Explore History and Culture
by
Rafał Kaźmierczak, Robert Skowroński, Cezary Kowalczyk and Grzegorz Grunwald
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4795; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114795 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional games are an indispensable tool in education and cultural transmission, offering users immersive experiences that facilitate learning through engagement and direct experience. The aim of this study was to design and implement an advanced cutscene sequencer in Unity 3D, targeted at educational
[...] Read more.
Three-dimensional games are an indispensable tool in education and cultural transmission, offering users immersive experiences that facilitate learning through engagement and direct experience. The aim of this study was to design and implement an advanced cutscene sequencer in Unity 3D, targeted at educational and cultural games, to assist game developers in producing cinematic interludes, which are a key narrative element in games. The project methodology encompassed a detailed process of planning, design, and implementation. This involved the comprehensive use of various tools, including Unity 3D for game development, C# for scripting, Visual Studio for integrated development, Git for version control, Blender for 3D modeling, Substance Painter for texturing, and Audacity for audio editing. These tools collectively facilitated the development of a robust cutscene sequencer system designed to create engaging and dynamic narrative scenes. The project’s results indicate that the use of an advanced sequencer can significantly impact the efficiency and creativity of the game and educational material creation process, offering developers the opportunity to explore practically unlimited viewing perspectives. This tool enables the creation of rich and diverse visual experiences, which is crucial for engaging and educating players.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual/Augmented Reality and Its Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Temporal Evolution, Oscillation and Coherence Characteristics Analysis of Global Solar Radiation Distribution in Major Cities in China’s Solar-Energy-Available Region Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform
by
Haowen Xue, Guoxin Li, Dawei Qi and Haiming Ni
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4794; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114794 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The majority of the energy required for human survival is derived either directly or indirectly from solar radiation, thus it is important to investigate the periodic fluctuations in global solar radiation over time. In this study, six cities—Harbin, Shenyang, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, and
[...] Read more.
The majority of the energy required for human survival is derived either directly or indirectly from solar radiation, thus it is important to investigate the periodic fluctuations in global solar radiation over time. In this study, six cities—Harbin, Shenyang, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou—located in the utilizable areas of solar energy in China, were selected, and the periodicity of the daily global solar radiation of these six cities with time were investigated by means of wavelet power spectrum analysis. Furthermore, Harbin, which has the lowest monthly average of global solar radiation in the cold of winter, was selected to explore the temporal evolution relationship between global solar radiation and other meteorological factors, and air quality factors by wavelet coherence analysis. Among the meteorological factors, the correlation between global solar radiation and sunshine duration exhibits the highest level of consistency. Global solar radiation demonstrates a positive association with atmospheric temperature/wind speed/precipitation over the annual cycle. Conversely, it displays a negative correlation with atmospheric pressure during this time frame. Additionally, on shorter timescales, global solar radiation is negatively correlated with air humidity and precipitation. Among air quality factors, the relationship between global solar radiation and CO/NO2/O3/PM2.5/PM10/SO2 primarily manifests in the broader annual cycle time scale. Within this context, global solar radiation shows a positive correlation with O3, while displaying negative associations with the other five air quality indicators. These findings contribute to urban environmental planning and the effective management and utilization of solar radiation, thereby providing valuable insights to guide the future development of cross-regional comprehensive energy utilization projects under diverse climatic and geographical conditions. Additionally, they serve as a reference for subsequent research aimed at enhancing the accuracy of global solar radiation prediction models.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Not Everyone Chooses Profit (If It Is too Tiring): What Behavioral and EEG Data Tell Us
by
Michela Balconi, Carlotta Acconito and Laura Angioletti
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4793; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114793 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: A more rewarding choice, even if it requires more effort, is usually preferred by individuals; yet, in some cases, individuals choose less profitable and less tiring options. This study explored the behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of healthy adults performing a task,
[...] Read more.
Background: A more rewarding choice, even if it requires more effort, is usually preferred by individuals; yet, in some cases, individuals choose less profitable and less tiring options. This study explored the behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of healthy adults performing a task, designed to investigate the decision-making process behind the selection of more effortful (but highly monetarily rewarding) and less effortful (but less monetarily rewarding) options. Methods: A sample of 20 healthy adults (mean age = 46.40) performed the decision-making task, while behavioral data and EEG frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) were collected. The Maximization Scale (MS) was administered to evaluate individuals’ differences in the tendency to maximize their choices. Results: the results showed a general preference for selecting more compared to less effortful options, while no significant differences were obtained for the response times. Individuals who score higher on the MS High Standards subscale are more inclined to choose less effortful options; conversely, those with lower scores are more likely to choose a more effortful and rewarding option. However, no significant correlations were found between the behavioral data and the alternative search, or the decision difficulty subscales of the MS. EEG findings reported a significant interaction effect Choice × Electrode in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. Specifically, the choice of less effortful options is associated with a higher increase in delta, theta, alpha, and beta band power in the right temporoparietal area (TP10) and by a lower activation of delta and theta in the contralateral site (TP9). The delta band decreased in left frontal area (AF7) during the task for the less versus more effortful options. Conclusions: Overall, despite more effortful and more monetarily rewarding options seeming to be the most rational ones to choose, less effortful choices are associated with specific EEG correlates, suggesting that there is a perceived advantage in avoiding automatisms, delaying gratification, and maximizing future possibilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Neuroscience and Neural Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Analysis of the Methods for Realization of Low-Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuits for Wearable Battery-Free Power Supply Devices
by
Ivaylo Pandiev, Nikolay Tomchev, Nikolay Kurtev and Mariya Aleksandrova
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4792; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114792 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the design and implementation methods of low-power piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits, which in the last few years have gained an extremely large range of applications like the power sources of wearable electronic devices, such as biometrical
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the design and implementation methods of low-power piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits, which in the last few years have gained an extremely large range of applications like the power sources of wearable electronic devices, such as biometrical sensors. Before examining the electronic circuitries of the self-supplied power devices, an overview of the structure, equivalent electrical circuits, and basic parameters of the piezoelectric generators and MEMSs as energy harvesting elements is presented. The structure of energy storage elements (parallel-plate capacitors and thin-film supercapacitors), suitable for this type of application, is also presented. The description of these components from an electrical point of view allows them to be easily workable when connected to the various power conversion electronic circuits. Based on an overview of the structure and the principles of operation, as well as some analytical expressions for energy efficiency evaluation, a comprehensive comparative analysis is presented. Depending on the advantages and disadvantages of the known circuit configurations, the basic electrical and design parameters are systematized in tabular form. Practical realizations of piezoelectric power conversion circuits are also presented in graphic form, ensuring the optimal value of energy efficiency and compactness in the construction of the devices.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Influence of Cytokinin on the Multiplication Efficiency and Genetic Stability of Scutellaria baicalensis Regenerants in In Vitro Culture Conditions
by
Magdalena Dyduch-Siemińska and Jacek Gawroński
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114791 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The efficiency and method of regeneration in in vitro culture conditions depend primarily on the plant growth regulators (PGRs) used. Even growth regulators belonging to one group may have different effects, stimulating the process of direct or indirect organogenesis, thus possibly disturbing the
[...] Read more.
The efficiency and method of regeneration in in vitro culture conditions depend primarily on the plant growth regulators (PGRs) used. Even growth regulators belonging to one group may have different effects, stimulating the process of direct or indirect organogenesis, thus possibly disturbing the genetic stability among regenerants. The main aim of this study was to identify the genetic stability of Scutellaria baicalensis regenerates obtained by in vitro culture method using start codon targeted (ScoT) markers. S.baicalensis nodal explants were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with kinetin (KIN) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg × dm−3 or benzylaminopurine (BAP)—0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg × dm−3. The effects of the number of propagated shoots, length, number of nodes, and fresh mass of regenerants were assessed. Moreover, the genetic stability of the regenerants was analyzed using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Direct shoot organogenesis was observed on an MS medium containing kinetin, while indirect shoot induction occurred on an MS medium supplemented with BAP. The highest average number of shoots (3.6) was achieved for the MS + KIN medium at a concentration of 0.25 and 5.8 for the MS + BAP 1.0 medium. The average length and average number of nodes were the highest on the MS + BAP 0.25 medium (50.0 and 6.0, respectively), while the lowest values of these features were observed on the MS + KIN 2.0 medium (40.3 and 4.9, respectively). A total of 111 amplified bands were exhibited by SCoT primers. Three of the analyzed primers revealed four unique genotype-specific markers. The average percentage of polymorphism obtained was 36.7%. The analysis of genetic similarity revealed a high level of genetic similarity between the donor plant and regenerants obtained on MS “0” (medium without the addition of phytohormones). A slightly lower value of genetic similarity was observed for regenerants obtained by direct organogenesis (MS + KIN medium at all concentrations). Indirect shoot organogenesis observed on the MS + BAP medium (all concentrations) resulted in the highest differentiation, both in relation to the donor plant and MS “0” regenerants. The results of our work indicate that, in the case of S. baicalensis, the maintenance of genetic stability depends primarily on the presence of the cytokinin type in the medium.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Breeding in Agricultural and Animal Science)
Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Altitude and Ambient Temperature Effects on the Reactivity of Oxidation Catalysts in the Presence of H2
by
José Ramón Serrano, Pedro Piqueras, Enrique José Sanchis and Carla Conde
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4790; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114790 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Worldwide emission standards are now required to cover engine operation under extreme ambient conditions, which affect the raw emissions and the efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment systems. These regulations also target new combustion technologies for decarbonization, such as neat hydrogen (
[...] Read more.
Worldwide emission standards are now required to cover engine operation under extreme ambient conditions, which affect the raw emissions and the efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment systems. These regulations also target new combustion technologies for decarbonization, such as neat hydrogen ( ) combustion or dual-fuel strategies, which involve a challenge to the analysis of exhaust aftertreatment system requirements and performance. This work addresses the impact of high altitude and low ambient temperature conditions on the reactivity of an oxidation catalyst in the presence of . A reaction mechanism is proposed to cover the main conversion paths of CO, HC, and , including the formation and consumption of high-energy surface reaction intermediates. The mechanism has been implemented into a faster-than-real-time reduced-order model for multi-layer washcoat honeycomb catalytic converters. The model was utilized to investigate the effect of concentration on the reactivity of CO and HC within the catalyst under various operating and ambient conditions. By applying the model and examining the selectivity towards different reaction pathways in the presence of , insights into surface intermediates and reactivity across different cross-sections of the monolith were obtained. This analysis discusses the underlying causes of reactivity changes promoted by and its relative importance as a function of driving boundary conditions.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Empowering Active and Healthy Ageing: Integrating IoT and Wearable Technologies for Personalised Interventions
by
Jensen Selwyn Joymangul, Ileana Ciobanu, Francesco Agnoloni, Jure Lampe, Chiara Pedrini, Angela Pinto, Bruna Franceschini, Damien Nicolas, Elena Tamburini, Francesca Cecchi, Mihai Berteanu and Djamel Khadraoui
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4789; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114789 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Social isolation and loneliness greatly contribute to negative health consequences in older adults. Technological solutions can be an asset in promoting social connections and healthy behaviours. This paper presents an innovative structure for an Internet of Things (IoT) platform specifically tailored for older
[...] Read more.
Social isolation and loneliness greatly contribute to negative health consequences in older adults. Technological solutions can be an asset in promoting social connections and healthy behaviours. This paper presents an innovative structure for an Internet of Things (IoT) platform specifically tailored for older persons. The framework utilises a supervised learning algorithm to classify users into four identified profiles to facilitate the adoption and engagement of technology. The platform incorporates wearables, such as socks and smart bands, to track physical activity, and a messaging module to encourage social interaction. The platform processes the acquired data to quantify steps and deliver tailored interventions remotely to the older adults through the AGAPE Assistant, the mHealth solution of the platform. Furthermore, the AGAPE Assistant has a user interface design for older adults, with a focus on their specific needs. Additionally, improving digital literacy among older adults is crucial for maximizing the long-term compliance and benefits of such technological solutions. On the other hand, AGAPE Monitor is a web application used by formal caregivers to configure the tailored interventions. The platform’s usability was assessed using different usability scale questionnaires, which revealed a mild level of user satisfaction and acceptance. The proposed framework is currently being deployed on more than 112 older adults across three countries: Italy, Romania, and Portugal. The proposed framework provides a holistic solution to encourage active ageing by adopting technology, implementing hybrid interventions, and promoting social interactions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Wearable Sensors and Image Processing in Assistive and Rehabilitative Technologies)
Open AccessArticle
FedCrow: Federated-Learning-Based Data Privacy Preservation in Crowd Sensing
by
Jun Ma, Long Chen, Jian Xu and Yaoxuan Yuan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4788; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114788 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In the process of completing large-scale and fine-grained sensing tasks for the new generation of crowd-sensing systems, the role of analysis, reasoning, and decision making based on artificial intelligence has become indispensable. Mobile crowd sensing, which is an open system reliant on the
[...] Read more.
In the process of completing large-scale and fine-grained sensing tasks for the new generation of crowd-sensing systems, the role of analysis, reasoning, and decision making based on artificial intelligence has become indispensable. Mobile crowd sensing, which is an open system reliant on the broad participation of mobile intelligent terminal devices in data sensing and computation, poses a significant risk of user privacy data leakage. To mitigate the data security threats that arise from malicious users in federated learning and the constraints of end devices in crowd-sensing applications, which are unsuitable for high computational overheads associated with traditional cryptographic security mechanisms, we propose FedCrow, which is a federated-learning-based approach for protecting crowd-sensing data that integrates federated learning with crowd sensing. FedCrow enables the training of artificial intelligence models on multiple user devices without the need to upload user data to a central server, thus mitigating the risk of crowd-sensing user data leakage. To address security vulnerabilities in the model data during the interaction process in federated learning, the system employs encryption methods suitable for crowd-sensing applications to ensure secure data transmission during the training process, thereby establishing a secure federated-learning framework for protecting crowd-sensing data. To combat potential malicious users in federated learning, a legitimate user identification method based on the user contribution level was designed using the gradient similarity principle. By filtering out malicious users, the system reduces the threat of attacks, thereby enhancing the system accuracy and security. Through various attack experiments, the system’s ability to defend against malicious user attacks was validated. The experimental results demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in countering common attacks in federated learning. Additionally, through comparative experiments, suitable encryption methods based on the size of the data in crowd-sensing applications were identified to effectively protect the data security during transmission.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Computing and Intelligent Sensing)
Open AccessArticle
Strategic Integration of Drone Technology and Digital Twins for Optimal Construction Project Management
by
Tareq Salem, Mihai Dragomir and Eric Chatelet
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4787; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114787 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
This research aims to develop an integrated approach to construction project management by integrating digital technology into monitoring and surveillance operations. Through the use of drones and image processing software, data can be updated regularly and accurately about the progress at the construction
[...] Read more.
This research aims to develop an integrated approach to construction project management by integrating digital technology into monitoring and surveillance operations. Through the use of drones and image processing software, data can be updated regularly and accurately about the progress at the construction site, allowing managers and decision makers to have a clear view of the current situation and make effective decisions based on accurate. In addition, this approach contributes to improving communication and coordination among project team members, as data and images can be easily and effectively shared, reducing opportunities for error and enhancing effective interaction among different parties. Using digital twin technologies, planning and forecasting processes can also be improved, as comprehensive analysis of digital data provides a deeper understanding of project dynamics, identifies potential risks, and enables appropriate preventive measures to be taken. In conclusion, the integration of digital twins and the use of drones in construction projects represent a significant step towards achieving smarter and more efficient management, and successfully achieving the defined goals with greater effectiveness.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Building Information Modeling in Construction Management)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Designing and Testing a Picking and Selecting Integrated Remote-Operation-Type Dragon-Fruit-Picking Device
by
Penghui Yao, Liqi Qiu, Qun Sun, Lipeng Xu, Ying Zhao, Zhongxing Fan and Andong Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114786 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In order to effectively solve the problems of the complex growth state of dragon fruit and how the picking process is mostly manual, this study designed a picking and selecting integrated remote-operation-type dragon-fruit-picking device. Based on SOLIDWORKS 2020 software for the three-dimensional digital
[...] Read more.
In order to effectively solve the problems of the complex growth state of dragon fruit and how the picking process is mostly manual, this study designed a picking and selecting integrated remote-operation-type dragon-fruit-picking device. Based on SOLIDWORKS 2020 software for the three-dimensional digital design and overall assembly of key components, the structure and working theory of the machine are introduced. By improving the high-recognition-rate dragon fruit target detection algorithm based on YOLOv5, better recognition and locating effects were achieved for targets with a small size and high density, as well as those in bright-light scenes. Serial communication, information acquisition, and the precise control of each picking action were realized by building the software and hardware platforms of the picking device control system. By analyzing the working principle of the mechanical system and the mechanics of the machine picking process, the critical factors affecting the net picking rate and damage rate of the dragon-fruit-picking device were confirmed. Based on the force and parameter analysis of the test results, it was confirmed that the machine had an optimal picking influence when the flexible claw closing speed was 0.029 m/s, the electric cylinder extending speed was 0.085 m/s, and the mechanical arm moving speed was 0.15 m/s. The net picking rate of the device reached 90.5%, and the damage rate reached 2.9%. The picking device can complete the picking of a single dragon fruit, as well as a plurality of fruits grown at a growing point, and integrates the integration of picking fruits, removing bad fruits, and sorting fruits, which can improve the efficiency of dragon fruit harvesting and replace manual work.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Fault Diagnosis of a Plunger Pump Based on the SMOTE + Tomek Link and Dual-Channel Feature Fusion
by
Xiwang Yang, Xiaoyan Xu, Yarong Wang, Siyuan Liu, Xiong Bai, Licheng Jing, Jiancheng Ma and Jinying Huang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4785; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114785 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Mechanical condition monitoring data in real engineering are often severely unbalanced, which can lead to a decrease in the stability and accuracy of intelligent diagnosis methods. In this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on the SMOTE + Tomek Link and dual-channel feature
[...] Read more.
Mechanical condition monitoring data in real engineering are often severely unbalanced, which can lead to a decrease in the stability and accuracy of intelligent diagnosis methods. In this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on the SMOTE + Tomek Link and dual-channel feature fusion is proposed to improve the performance of the sample imbalance fault diagnosis method, taking the piston pump of a turnout rutting machine as the research object. Combining the data undersampling method and the oversampling method to redistribute the collected normal data and fault data makes the diagnostic model have better diagnostic performance in the case of insufficient fault samples. And, in order to fully utilize the global features and local features, a global–local feature complementary module (GLFC) is proposed. Firstly, the generated data similar to the original data are constructed using the SMOTE + Tomek Link method; secondly, the generated data are input into a GLFC module and BiGRU at the same time, the GLFC module extracts the spatial global features and local features of the original vibration data, and BiGRU extracts the temporal information features of the original vibration data, and fuses the extracted feature information, and inputs the fused features into the attention layer; finally, a GLFC module is proposed by the SMOTE + Tomek Link method to make full use of the global features and local features. The extracted feature information is fused, and the fused features are input to the attention layer; finally, the fault classification is completed by the softmax classifier. In this paper, the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model are demonstrated through experiments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Industrial Technologies)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Design and Control of a Shape Memory Alloy-Based Idle Air Control Actuator for a Mid-Size Passenger Vehicle Application
by
Pacifique Turabimana, Jung Woo Sohn and Seung-Bok Choi
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4784; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114784 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The idle air control actuator is an important device in automotive engine management systems to reduce fuel consumption by controlling the engine’s idling operation. This research proposes an innovative idle air control (IAC) actuator for vehicle applications utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) technology.
[...] Read more.
The idle air control actuator is an important device in automotive engine management systems to reduce fuel consumption by controlling the engine’s idling operation. This research proposes an innovative idle air control (IAC) actuator for vehicle applications utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) technology. The proposed actuator leverages the unique properties of SMAs, such as the ability to undergo large deformations upon thermal activation, to achieve precise and rapid controls in the air intake of automotive engines during idle conditions. The actuator structure mechanism consists of an SMA spring and an antagonistic spring made from steel. The design process utilizes both numerical and analytical approaches. The SMA spring is electrically supplied to activate the opening process of the actuator, and its closing state does not need electricity. However, the PID controller is used to control the applied current, which reduces the time taken by the actuator to achieve the actuation strokes. It shows good operability within multiple numbers of operation cycles. Additionally, the performance of the designed actuator is evaluated through mathematical algorithms by integrating it into the engine’s air intake system during idle operating conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMA-based actuator in achieving rapid control of the air intake through bypass, thereby improving engine idle conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in the Guidance, Navigation and Control of Autonomous and Transport Vehicles)
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Applied Sciences Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Minerals, Mining, Sustainability
Mining Innovation
Topic Editors: Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, René Gómez, Fhatuwani Sengani, Derek B. Apel, Faham Tahmasebinia, Jianhang ChenDeadline: 1 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Electricity, Electronics, Energies, Sensors
Power System Protection
Topic Editors: Seyed Morteza Alizadeh, Akhtar KalamDeadline: 20 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Machines, Sensors, Vehicles
Vehicle Dynamics and Control
Topic Editors: Peter Gaspar, Junnian WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Electronics, Photonics, Remote Sensing, Technologies
Emerging Terahertz Technologies for Integrated Sensing and Communication
Topic Editors: Jianjun Ma, Xiue Bao, Bin Li, Suman MukherjeeDeadline: 31 July 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Applied Sciences
Alternative Fuels in Future Energy System
Guest Editor: Krzysztof BiernatDeadline: 10 June 2024
Special Issue in
Applied Sciences
Elastic Waves and Acoustic Emission for Innovative Monitoring of Structures and Engineering Systems
Guest Editors: Kanji Ono, Victor GiurgiutiuDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Applied Sciences
Synthesis and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Guest Editors: Stephen David Worrall, Julia LinnemannDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
Applied Sciences
Cryptology and Information Security in Open and Convergent Environment
Guest Editors: Shaojing Fu, Yuchuan LuoDeadline: 30 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Applied Sciences
Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
Collection Editors: Sergio Ricci, Paolo Mantegazza, Alessandro De Gaspari, Jonathan E. Cooper, Afzal Suleman, Hector Climent
Topical Collection in
Applied Sciences
Distributed Energy Systems
Collection Editor: Rodolfo Dufo-López
Topical Collection in
Applied Sciences
Intelligent Transportation Systems II: Beyond Intelligent Vehicles
Collection Editors: Javier Alonso Ruiz, Jeroen Ploeg, Angel Llamazares, Noelia Hernández Parra, Carlota Salinas, Rubén Izquierdo
Topical Collection in
Applied Sciences
Optical Design and Engineering
Collection Editors: Zhi-Ting Ye, Pin Han, Chun Hung Lai, Yi Chin Fang