Journal Description
Metals
Metals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Society of Materials (SPM), and the Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) are affiliated with Metals and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q1 (Metals and Alloys)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Metals include: Compounds and Alloys.
Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Effect of Electrolyte Temperature on Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Pure Aluminum
Metals 2024, 14(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060615 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is normally carried out under conditions with electrolyte cooling. However, the effect of the temperature of the electrolytes on the PEO behavior and properties of the resulting coatings is seldom investigated. In this study, PEO of pure Al was
[...] Read more.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is normally carried out under conditions with electrolyte cooling. However, the effect of the temperature of the electrolytes on the PEO behavior and properties of the resulting coatings is seldom investigated. In this study, PEO of pure Al was carried out in a dilute aluminate electrolyte with the electrolyte temperature being controlled under low (~10–30 °C), medium (~40–50 °C) and high (~70–80 °C) temperature ranges, respectively. The morphology, microstructure, composition and phase component of the coatings fabricated under the different temperature ranges were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion resistances of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical methods. The hardness of the coatings and substrate following the PEO treatment in the different electrolyte temperature ranges were also tested. It was found that a higher electrolyte temperature resulted in a higher growth rate and rougher coatings. Moreover, the α-Al2O3 content was reduced as the electrolyte temperature increased. The highest corrosion resistance was registered for the coating obtained under the lowest temperature range, whereas the corrosion resistance of the coating obtained under the highest temperature range was the worst. The higher growth rate under high electrolyte temperatures was associated with the increased kinetics of the PEO reactions. However, the temperature of the electrolyte should be controlled under a suitable range to ensure reasonable coating properties.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Efficient Implementation of the Binary Common Neighbor Analysis for Platinum-Based Intermetallics
by
Wenming Tang, Xianxian Zhang, Jianfeng Tang, Xingming Zhang, Liang Wang, Wangyu Hu and Lei Deng
Metals 2024, 14(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060614 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2024
Abstract
The common neighbor analysis (CNA) for binary systems is a powerful method used to identify chemical ordering in intermetallics by unique indices. The capability of binary CNA, however, is largely restricted by the availability of indices for various ordered phases. In this study,
[...] Read more.
The common neighbor analysis (CNA) for binary systems is a powerful method used to identify chemical ordering in intermetallics by unique indices. The capability of binary CNA, however, is largely restricted by the availability of indices for various ordered phases. In this study, CNA indices of 11 ordered phases derived from a face-centered cubic structure were introduced on a case-by-case basis. These phases, common in intermetallics containing platinum-group metals, include C11b, MoPt2, C6, B11, AgZr, A2B2[111], A2B2[113], Pt3Tc, A3B[011], A3B[111], and A3B[113]. The chemical order in static chemical perturbation, dynamic phase competition, and experimentally reconstructed nanophase alloys were identified using binary CNA. The results indicated that the proposed version of binary CNA exhibited significantly higher accuracy and robustness compared to the short-range order, polyhedral template matching, and the original binary CNA method. Benchmarked against available methods, the formation, decomposition, and competition of specifically ordered phases in bulks and nanoalloys were well reflected by present CNA, highlighting its potential as a robust and widely adopted tool for deciphering chemical ordering at the atomic level.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computation and Simulation on Metals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Welded Joints under Fatigue Loadings
by
Paolo Livieri and Roberto Tovo
Metals 2024, 14(6), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060613 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the notch effect in weldments has been investigated, and the optimal configuration of different types of welded joints has been analysed using the implicit gradient approach. By considering this implicit gradient method, it is possible to calculate the effective stress
[...] Read more.
In this paper, the notch effect in weldments has been investigated, and the optimal configuration of different types of welded joints has been analysed using the implicit gradient approach. By considering this implicit gradient method, it is possible to calculate the effective stress related to fatigue damage, with the effective stress being a continuous scalar function of the real stress tensor components, even in the presence of sharp edges. Hence, the search for the optimal configuration that maximises fatigue life can be tackled as the condition of minimum effective stress obtained by changing the weld shape and geometrical parameters. Both load-carrying cruciform joints and spot welds made of steel have been considered. The structural details have been studied by modelling actual shapes without any geometric simplification. Moreover, the same numerical procedure has been considered independently of the size, shape or load condition without imposing restrictive rules on the FE mesh.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Analysis of a New Process for Forming Two Flanges Simultaneously in a Hollow Part by Extrusion with Two Moving Dies
by
Grzegorz Winiarski, Andrzej Gontarz, Andrzej Skrzat, Marta Wójcik and Sylwia Wencel
Metals 2024, 14(6), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060612 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a new method for forming flanges in hollow parts. The process consists of an extrusion with two dies that move in an opposite direction to that of the punches. This particular kinematics of the tools makes it possible to form
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a new method for forming flanges in hollow parts. The process consists of an extrusion with two dies that move in an opposite direction to that of the punches. This particular kinematics of the tools makes it possible to form two flanges simultaneously in a single tool pass. The proposed method was investigated using a tube made of steel 42CrMo4. It was assumed that the extrusion would be conducted as a cold forming process at ambient temperature. Different diameters and heights of the impression made in the top and bottom dies were used. It was demonstrated that the main failure mode of the proposed technique was an unintended increase in the inside the diameter of the workpiece in the flange zone. The results showed that the above parameters had a key impact on the achievable maximum flange diameters and heights.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling and Simulation in Metal Forming)
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Chloride Ion Corrosion Resistance of Cu-Sb-Added Low-Carbon Steel
by
Yuanyu Chen, Zhengbing Meng, Yuxiang Li and Jialong Shen
Metals 2024, 14(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060611 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
The corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel and two new low-alloy, corrosion-resistant steels containing Cu-Sb and Cu was studied in a simulated seawater environment. The effects of Cu and Sb on corrosion resistance were analyzed by an electrochemical test and accelerated corrosion test. The
[...] Read more.
The corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel and two new low-alloy, corrosion-resistant steels containing Cu-Sb and Cu was studied in a simulated seawater environment. The effects of Cu and Sb on corrosion resistance were analyzed by an electrochemical test and accelerated corrosion test. The results show that Cu and Sb reduce the corrosion current density by increasing the corrosion potential and increasing the polarization resistance. Sb can promote the formation of Cu-containing compounds with a strong corrosion inhibition performance, and it can enhance the overall corrosion resistance of steel. In addition, Sb can also promote the conversion of Fe2+ ions into a corrosion-resistant compound, α-FeOOH, and it also further improves the corrosion resistance of steel.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally-Assisted Degradation of Metals and Alloys)
Open AccessArticle
Cracking Behavior of the ZhS6K Superalloy during Direct Laser Deposition with Induction Heating
by
Anastasiia Dmitrieva, Anastasiya Semenyuk, Margarita Klimova, Ilya Udin, Dmitrii Mukin, Artur Vildanov, Sergey Zherebtsov, Olga Klimova-Korsmik and Nikita Stepanov
Metals 2024, 14(6), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060610 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
For this work, the behavior of the ZhS6K alloy (Russian grade) in the process of direct laser deposition was investigated. Two samples, a “small” one (40 × 10 × 10 mm3) and “large” one (80 × 16 × 16 mm3
[...] Read more.
For this work, the behavior of the ZhS6K alloy (Russian grade) in the process of direct laser deposition was investigated. Two samples, a “small” one (40 × 10 × 10 mm3) and “large” one (80 × 16 × 16 mm3), were fabricated with direct laser deposition. In both samples, the typical dual-phase γ/γ҆ microstructure with cuboidal shape of the γ҆ precipitates was observed. Both specimens revealed a similar tendency to continuous increasing in hardness from the bottom to the top associated with the refinement of γ҆ precipitates. The “small” sample was essentially crack-free, while the “large” one underwent extensive cracking. The possible effects of various factors, including thermal history, size, and shape of the gamma grains, on cracking behavior were discussed.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Kinetics of HCP-BCC Phase Transition Boundary in Magnesium at High Pressure
by
Nitin P. Daphalapurkar
Metals 2024, 14(6), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060609 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Under high pressures, many crystalline metals undergo solid–solid phase transformations. In order to accurately model the behavior of materials under extreme loading conditions, it is essential to understand the kinetics of phase transition. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this work demonstrates the feasibility of
[...] Read more.
Under high pressures, many crystalline metals undergo solid–solid phase transformations. In order to accurately model the behavior of materials under extreme loading conditions, it is essential to understand the kinetics of phase transition. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this work demonstrates the feasibility of characterizing the speeds of a moving phase boundary using atomistic simulations employing a suitable empirical potential for single-crystal magnesium. The model can provide temperature- and tensorial stress-dependent velocity of a moving phase boundary as a rate-limiting contribution to the kinetics of phase transformation in continuum codes. Results demonstrate that a nonlinear interaction exists between plasticity and phase transition, facilitating a jump in the velocity of a moving phase boundary, facilitated by activated plastic deformation mechanisms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Response of Metals under Extreme Conditions)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
Microstructure Dependence of Magnetic Properties for Al1.5Fe3Co3Cr1 Multi-Principal-Element Alloy
by
Shaoheng Sun, Yaxia Qiao, Hao Zhang, Dejun Tu, Guojun Wang, Zhenhua Wang and Qing Wang
Metals 2024, 14(6), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060608 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
This study focuses on the microstructures and soft-magnetic properties of the Al1.5Fe3Co3Cr1 multi-principal-element alloy (MPEA) in different states. The MPEA was prepared using arc melting and suction-casting, followed by various heat treatments. The crystal structures were
[...] Read more.
This study focuses on the microstructures and soft-magnetic properties of the Al1.5Fe3Co3Cr1 multi-principal-element alloy (MPEA) in different states. The MPEA was prepared using arc melting and suction-casting, followed by various heat treatments. The crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the microstructures were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that the MPEA consists mainly of coherent body-centered cubic (BCC) and B2 phases, with a moderate lattice misfit (ε = 0.14~0.21%) between them. The homogenized alloy shows the presence of coarse equiaxed grains and micro-scale cells, and it has good soft-magnetic properties with MS = 127 emu/g and HC = 143.3 A/m (1.8 Oe). The thermal stability of the alloy is found to be optimal after aging at 873 K, as there are no significant changes in microstructures and soft-magnetic properties. However, when the aging temperature increases to 973 K, the BCC nanoprecipitates are coarsened, leading to a decrease in the soft-magnetic properties.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Biocompatibility and Corrosion Resistance of Si/ZrO2 Bioceramic Coating on AZ91D Using Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) for Advanced Biomedical Applications
by
Arunkumar Thirugnanasambandam, Manoj Gupta and Rama Murugapandian
Metals 2024, 14(6), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060607 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Herein, ZrO2 and Si + ZrO2 composite coatings on AZ91D alloys are deposited at a constant voltage of 8 kV and 1 Å/s deposition rate using the electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) method. Further, the samples are examined for surface
[...] Read more.
Herein, ZrO2 and Si + ZrO2 composite coatings on AZ91D alloys are deposited at a constant voltage of 8 kV and 1 Å/s deposition rate using the electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) method. Further, the samples are examined for surface morphology, phase analysis, adhesion, corrosion, and antibacterial properties, as per ASTM standards. The adhesion strength of the composite (Si + ZrO2) coating nominally dropped (9%) compared to the ZrO2 coating even when the coating thickness increased by 18%. However, the composite (Si + ZrO2) coating improved wettability because silanol promotes hydrogen bonding with water molecules, which elevates the surface energy of the silica and increases its hydrophilic nature. Further, increased wettability and surface roughness have the potential to improve cell adhesion and proliferation. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) values of the coated samples exhibited a positive shift in the potentiodynamic polarization curve, indicating a substantial increase in their corrosion resistance in the artificial blood plasma (ABP) electrolyte. Similarly, SEM images of both coated corroded samples are less affected in the ABP solution, indicating that the coating mitigated heavy cracks and micropores, protecting them from corrosion. The Si + ZrO2 coatings exhibited exceptional performance in preventing bacterial infiltration by Staphylococcus aureus, thus inhibiting the subsequent formation of biofilms. In addition, these coatings demonstrate improved vitality among fibroblast cells, enabling better cellular spreading and proliferation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Protection of Lightweight Engineering Materials: Mg Alloys, Al Alloys, Ti Alloys and Other Related Metals—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Electron Donor-Induced Electrochemical Reduction in Vanadate Anions to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Layers
by
Mosab Kaseem, Arash Fattah-alhosseini and Burak Dikici
Metals 2024, 14(6), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060606 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Despite the increasing interest in enhancing the electrochemical stability of Al alloys through protective coatings, the role of electron donor agents during coating formation remains poorly understood in terms of morphological control and anticorrosion properties in aqueous environments. In this context, 1H-Benzotriazole (BTA)
[...] Read more.
Despite the increasing interest in enhancing the electrochemical stability of Al alloys through protective coatings, the role of electron donor agents during coating formation remains poorly understood in terms of morphological control and anticorrosion properties in aqueous environments. In this context, 1H-Benzotriazole (BTA) was utilized as a proof of concept to regulate the in situ reactive integration of V2O5 into the alumina layer via the plasma electrolytic oxidation of a 6061 Al alloy. BTA played a crucial role in chemically incorporating V2O5 into the alumina coating by supplying electrons to VO3− ions, facilitating their reduction. The quantity of BTA added to the electrolyte was found to influence defect morphology and concurrently enhance the chemical incorporation of V2O5. Notably, corrosion measurements revealed that the less porous hybrid film formed with higher corrosion resistance was associated with the utilization of increased concentrations of BTA. These findings highlight the potential of BTA in modifying the structure and improving the ability of alumina coatings to resist corrosion, enabling advanced applications in protecting Al alloys from corrosion.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Lightweight Materials for Automotive and Aerospace Applications)
Open AccessReview
Efficient Metal Extraction from Dilute Solutions: A Review of Novel Selective Separation Methods and Their Applications
by
Soroush Rahmati, Roshanak Adavodi, Mohammad Raouf Hosseini and Francesco Veglio’
Metals 2024, 14(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060605 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Notable increases in metal consumption and declining ore grades in recent decades have stressed the significance of dilute solutions as secondary sources of valuable metals. Moreover, environmental considerations and the imperative of sustainable development have further emphasized their treatment. Therefore, finding an efficient
[...] Read more.
Notable increases in metal consumption and declining ore grades in recent decades have stressed the significance of dilute solutions as secondary sources of valuable metals. Moreover, environmental considerations and the imperative of sustainable development have further emphasized their treatment. Therefore, finding an efficient solution for separating metals from dilute solutions has attracted the attention of numerous researchers. This paper reviews the purification processes of dilute solutions and highlights key achievements of published research works. Although this study focuses on evaluating the efficiency of recently developed aqueous-phase purification methods, such as immobilized ligands, ionic liquids, and air-assisted solvent extraction, the application of conventional processes to treat these solutions, such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, membranes, chemical precipitation, and adsorption are also briefly outlined. To provide a comprehensive assessment, more than 200 research articles were reviewed, and their key findings are stated in this study. This research contributes to the advancement of knowledge of metal recovery from dilute solutions and sheds light on the dynamic evolution of this field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recovery of Critical Metals and Materials from Residues)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Aluminothermic Reduction Kinetics of Calcium Silicate Slag for Silicon Alloy Production
by
Harald G. R. Philipson, Maria Wallin and Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
Metals 2024, 14(6), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060604 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
We investigated the reaction kinetics and initial chemical conditions in the production of silicon alloys, employing aluminum as the reductant for calcium silicate slag, to enhance process economics and scalability to industrial levels. The apparent kinetics and transient chemical conditions were studied by
[...] Read more.
We investigated the reaction kinetics and initial chemical conditions in the production of silicon alloys, employing aluminum as the reductant for calcium silicate slag, to enhance process economics and scalability to industrial levels. The apparent kinetics and transient chemical conditions were studied by immersing solid aluminum into molten slag, allowing the reaction to proceed for varying durations without external agitation, before quenching the reaction for chemical and microscopic analyses of the resulting silicon alloy and slag. The majority of the conversion was observed within the first 15 s at 1650 °C, driven by significant chemical interactions and interfacial turbulence introduced upon aluminum immersion. For Al-SiO2 stoichiometries ranging from 0.5 to 1.2, the slag phase reaction conformed to first-order kinetics during the initial two minutes, when it approached equilibrium. The mass transfer coefficients for Al2O3 were estimated at 1–2 × 10−4 m/s, comparable to those for SiO2 and CaO. A constant mass transfer coefficient could not be established for stoichiometries of 1.6 and 2, as these deviated from the standard slag mass transfer relationship and did not adhere to established relationships. Despite near-complete reactions, alloy–slag mixing was extensive, decreasing with lower stoichiometry values.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Processing for Sustainability)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Activity Calculation and Vacuum Separation Theoretical Research concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb Binary Alloys
by
Qingsong Li, Yang Tian, Lingxin Kong, Bin Yang, Baoqiang Xu, Wenlong Jiang and Lipeng Wang
Metals 2024, 14(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050603 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The Ag–Cu–Sb system is a key component of lead anode slime and boasts an exceptionally high economic recovery value. In this work, six models, including the Molecular Interaction Volume Model (MIVM), Modified Molecular Interaction Volume Model (M-MIVM), Wilson equation, Miedema model, Regular Solution
[...] Read more.
The Ag–Cu–Sb system is a key component of lead anode slime and boasts an exceptionally high economic recovery value. In this work, six models, including the Molecular Interaction Volume Model (MIVM), Modified Molecular Interaction Volume Model (M-MIVM), Wilson equation, Miedema model, Regular Solution Model (RSE) and Sub-Regular Solution Model (SRSE), are used to calculate the predicted values of the activity and its deviations with experimental data for binary alloys in the Ag–Cu–Sb system for the first time. The result reveals that the overall means of the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of the M-MIVM are 0.01501 and 3.97278%, respectively, which are about two to six times smaller than those of the other five models, indicating the stability and reliability of the M-MIVM. In the meantime, the predicted data of the Cu–Ag binary alloy at 1423 K, Sb–Ag binary alloy at 1250 K and Sb–Cu binary alloy at 1375 K calculated from the M-MIVM are more reliable and pass the Herington test. Then, the separation coefficient–composition (β–x), temperature–composition (T–x–y) and pressure–composition (P–x–y) of the Cu–Ag, Sb–Ag and Sb–Cu binary alloys are plotted based on the M-MIVM and vacuum theories, showing that the Cu–Ag binary alloy is relatively difficult to separate and that high temperatures or high copper contents are detrimental to obtaining high-purity silver. Meanwhile, theoretical data of the T–x–y diagram are consistent with the available experimental data. These results can guide vacuum separation experiments and industrial production concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb binary alloys.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computation and Simulation on Metals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Aging Treatment Induces the Preferential Crystallographic Orientation of αs in the Near-α Titanium Alloy Ti60
by
Bin Liu, Chenglu Liu, Xuewen Li, Hao Wu, Kesong Miao, He Wu and Rengeng Li
Metals 2024, 14(5), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050602 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
In this article, we subjected the Ti60 alloy to solid-solution treatment at 1020 °C and aging treatment at 600 °C, respectively, achieving a bimodal microstructure. The microstructures obtained after aging treatment showed no significant difference in the primary α-phase content, size, and width
[...] Read more.
In this article, we subjected the Ti60 alloy to solid-solution treatment at 1020 °C and aging treatment at 600 °C, respectively, achieving a bimodal microstructure. The microstructures obtained after aging treatment showed no significant difference in the primary α-phase content, size, and width of the lamellar α phase. This suggests that the final microstructure morphology is primarily determined by the solid-solution temperature, with the aging process exerting less pronounced effects on microstructural alterations. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of solid-solution and aging treatment on the crystallographic orientation evolution of the secondary α phase (αs) in the near-α titanium alloy Ti60. The αs phase displays a random orientation in solid-solution treatment sample, while it demonstrated a preferential {0 1 −1 0} orientation after aging treatment. This interesting phenomenon is attributed to the enhanced variant selection resulting from the dissolution of variant near 60° and 90° during aging. Furthermore, the αs with {0 1 −1 0} orientation nucleated at the grain boundary and coalesced into larger αs lath with increasing aging time, further contributing to the αs {0 1 −1 0} texture.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Alloys and Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Hydrostatic Equation of State of bcc Bi by Directly Solving the Partition Function
by
Yue-Yue Tian, Bo-Yuan Ning, Hui-Fen Zhang and Xi-Jing Ning
Metals 2024, 14(5), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050601 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Body-centered cubic bismuth (Bi) is considered to be an enticing pressure marker, and, therefore, it is highly desirable to command its accurate equation of state (EOS). However, significant discrepancies are noted among the previous experimental EOSs. In the present work, an EOS of
[...] Read more.
Body-centered cubic bismuth (Bi) is considered to be an enticing pressure marker, and, therefore, it is highly desirable to command its accurate equation of state (EOS). However, significant discrepancies are noted among the previous experimental EOSs. In the present work, an EOS of up to 300 GPa is theoretically obtained by solving the partition function via a direct integral approach (DIA). The calculated results nearly reproduce the hydrostatic experimental measurements below 75 GPa, and the deviations from the measurements gradually become larger with increasing pressure. Based on the ensemble theory of equilibrium state, the DIA works with high precision particularly in high-pressure conditions, so the hydrostatic EOS presented in this work is expected to be a reliable pressure standard.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physics-Based and Data-Driven Modelling of Process-Structure-Property (PSP) Linkage of Structural Metals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Revealing the Superior Post-Necking Elongation in the Fine-Grained Ti-6Al-4V ELI at Cryogenic Temperature
by
Quan Gao, Rengeng Li, Hao Wu, Kesong Miao, He Wu, Chenglu Liu and Xuewen Li
Metals 2024, 14(5), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050600 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a fine-grained (FG) Ti-6Al-4V extra-low interstitial (ELI) alloy were investigated by tensile tests at 298 K and 77 K. The experimental results indicated that, at 77 K, the alloy exhibits a small uniform elongation of 2.65%, but has a
[...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of a fine-grained (FG) Ti-6Al-4V extra-low interstitial (ELI) alloy were investigated by tensile tests at 298 K and 77 K. The experimental results indicated that, at 77 K, the alloy exhibits a small uniform elongation of 2.65%, but has a fracture elongation of 19.2%, showing superior post-necking elongation. At 298 K, the alloy displays a single dislocation slipping, β→α″ phase transformation occurred, and 6.35% uniform elongation was obtained, whereas the coupling of dislocation slipping and twinning deformation behaviors dominated at 77 K. The limited uniform elongation is attributed to the absence of martensite phase transformation at 77 K, whereas the decent fracture elongation is ascribed to the resistance offered by twinning against plastic instability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Microstructure and Properties in Metals and Alloys, 3rd Volume)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Hot Forming–Quenching and Heat Treatment Processes on the Mechanical Properties of AA6016 Aluminum Alloy Sheets
by
Jiahong Lu, Baitong Liu, Shiyao Huang, Zuguo Bao, Yutong Yang, Xilin Li, Zhenfei Zhan and Qing Liu
Metals 2024, 14(5), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050599 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study explored the impact of Hot Forming–Quenching (HFQ) and heat treatment processes on the mechanical properties of AA6016 sheets. The experimental findings demonstrated that at high-temperature pre-straining (HT-PS) of 15%, the strength performance of the AA6016 sheet exhibited enhancement, with a progressive
[...] Read more.
This study explored the impact of Hot Forming–Quenching (HFQ) and heat treatment processes on the mechanical properties of AA6016 sheets. The experimental findings demonstrated that at high-temperature pre-straining (HT-PS) of 15%, the strength performance of the AA6016 sheet exhibited enhancement, with a progressive increase in both the heat treatment temperature and duration. Conversely, under HT-PS conditions of 3% and 7%, the heat treatment process exhibited a relatively modest impact on the mechanical properties of the AA6016 sheet. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to understand the influence of different process conditions on the precipitated phases. By comparing the precipitation peaks of the phase at HT-PS of 3% and 15%, it was observed that the precipitation peak of the phase decreased with an increase in HT-PS. This indicated that HT-PS promoted the precipitation of the phase. In order to forecast the mechanical performance of the AA6016 sheets after applying various pre-straining and heat treatment parameters, two models were used: a backpropagation (BP) neural network and a genetic algorithm (GA)-BP neural network. These models were evaluated for their fitting and predictive capabilities. The research findings demonstrated that the GA-BP neural network model exhibited superior fitting and predictive accuracy compared to the BP neural network model.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Batch Sintering of FeO·OH and Fe2O3 Blends: Chemical and Metallurgical Characterization
by
Igor J. U. V. Pereira, Henrique C. S. Coelho, Cláudio G. Santos, Eduardo A. Brocchi, Rodrigo F. M. Souza and Victor A. A. Oliveira
Metals 2024, 14(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050598 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
A sample of goethite iron ore sinter feed (G_SF) was employed as a raw material in a sintering bed. This sample partially replaced hematite sinter feed (H_SF), which is currently used as raw material in a sintering plant in the state of Minas
[...] Read more.
A sample of goethite iron ore sinter feed (G_SF) was employed as a raw material in a sintering bed. This sample partially replaced hematite sinter feed (H_SF), which is currently used as raw material in a sintering plant in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This substitution did not adversely affect the chemical and metallurgical proprieties of the sinter mix product, provided that the utilization of G_SF was kept below 30% in weight. Despite the higher proportion of fines in G_SF, the presence of argillaceous minerals in the sample led to an improvement in the granulation index (GI) of the sinter mix product. The GI value increased from 68.4 to 82.7% for the experiments conducted without the presence of goethite ore and with 40% of goethite ore in the sintering mix, respectively. Consequently, the qualities of both the process and the produced sinter product were not compromised. The raw materials and the various sinters produced were characterized through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD results were used to perform a quantitative assessment of the mineral phase using the Rietveld method (RM). This technique allowed for the determination of goethite content in the studied sample, which was 35.5%. Finally, the incorporation of G_SF in the sintering bed led to a 20% reduction in the cost of raw materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Recycling of Metallurgical Solid Waste and Mineral Resources)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Residual Stress Distribution and Fatigue of 7050-T7451 Alloy Hole Components with Laser Shock and Ultrasonic Extrusion
by
Yinfang Jiang, Xiancheng Liu, Yangyang Wang, Lingling Cui, Guang Ji and Wei Liu
Metals 2024, 14(5), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050597 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Small-hole structures, such as the millions of fastener holes found on aircraft, are typical stress-concentration structures prone to fatigue failure. To further improve the strengthening process of this small-hole structure, we make up for the limitations of laser shock processing (LSP) of small
[...] Read more.
Small-hole structures, such as the millions of fastener holes found on aircraft, are typical stress-concentration structures prone to fatigue failure. To further improve the strengthening process of this small-hole structure, we make up for the limitations of laser shock processing (LSP) of small holes by combining it with the ultrasonic extrusion strengthening (UES) process to form a new strengthening method—laser shock and ultrasonic extrusion strengthening (LUE). The influence of the LUE process sequence and process parameters on residual stress distribution was studied through FEM, and the gain of fatigue life of specimens after LUE strengthening was also explored through tests. The results show that when using LUE technology, the friction force decreases with the increase in amplitude and decreases by 3.2% when the amplitude is maximum. The LUE process eliminates the thickness effect generated by LSP, which can achieve good stress distribution of small-hole components under smaller laser shock peak pressure, and reduces equipment power. LUE can significantly improve the fatigue life of small-hole components, and the maximum fatigue life gain can be up to 310.66%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture and Fatigue of Advanced Metallic Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Investigation into the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a TIG Welding Joint in Ti-4Al-2V Titanium Alloy
by
Yao Chen, Xiao Liu, Zhendi Zhang, Kaiqing Wang, Shanglin Zhang, Bingnan Qian, Jun Wu and Li Wang
Metals 2024, 14(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050596 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
The Ti-4Al-2V (wt. %) titanium alloy has garnered widespread applications across diverse fields due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, high toughness, specific strength, and corrosion resistance. The welding of Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy components is often necessary in manufacturing processes, where the reliability of
[...] Read more.
The Ti-4Al-2V (wt. %) titanium alloy has garnered widespread applications across diverse fields due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, high toughness, specific strength, and corrosion resistance. The welding of Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy components is often necessary in manufacturing processes, where the reliability of a welded joint critically influences the overall service life of these components. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the welded joint’s microstructure and mechanical properties is imperative. In this study, Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy was welded using multi-layer and multi-pass TIG welding techniques, and a detailed examination was conducted to analyze the microstructure and grain morphology of each microzone of the welded joint. The results revealed the presence of an initial α phase and a secondary lamellar α phase in the heat affected zone (HAZ). Meanwhile, the fusion zone (FZ) primarily comprised a coarse secondary α phase and a small amount of an acicular martensitic α’ phase. Both the recrystallization zone and the superheated zone exhibited a distinct preferred orientation, with grains smaller than 10 μm accounting for 65.9% and 55.1%, respectively. To assess the mechanical properties of the various microzones and the typical microstructure within the welded joint, nanoindentation tests were performed. The results indicated that the recrystallization zone possessed a higher nanohardness (3.753 GPa) than the incomplete recrystallization zone (3.563 GPa) and the superheated zone (3.48 GPa). Among all the microzones, the FZ exhibited the lowest average nanohardness (3.058 GPa). Notably, the basket-weave microstructure demonstrated the highest average nanohardness, reaching 3.93 GPa. This was followed by the fine-grain microstructure, which possessed a slightly lower nanohardness. The Widmanstätten microstructure, on the other hand, exhibited the lowest nanohardness among the three microstructures within the HAZ. Therefore, the basket-weave microstructure stands out as the most desirable microstructure to achieve in the welded joint. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive characterization and analysis of the microstructure and properties of Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy TIG welds, aiming to contribute to the optimization of the TIG welding process for Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Welding and Mechanical Joining of Metals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Metals Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Photography Exhibition
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Coatings, Materials, Metals, JMMP, Machines
Development of Friction Stir Welding and Processing
Topic Editors: Yongxian Huang, Li Zhou, Xiangchen Meng, Yuming XieDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Crystals, J. Compos. Sci., Materials, Metals
Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications
Topic Editors: Tomasz Tański, Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Marcin StaszukDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Coatings, CMD, Materials, Metals, Molecules
Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Materials, 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Sebastian Feliú, Jr., Federico R. García-Galván, Lucien VelevaDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Catalysts, Metals, Hydrogen
Hydrogen—The New Energy Vector for the Transition of Industries "Hard to Abate"
Topic Editors: Pasquale Cavaliere, Geoffrey BrooksDeadline: 31 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Metals
Hybrid Metal Additive Manufacturing
Guest Editors: Carlos Alves da Silva, Ivo Manuel Ferreira de Bragança, João Pedro da Fonseca Matos PraganaDeadline: 25 May 2024
Special Issue in
Metals
Mesoscopic Changes in Conventional and Innovative Processing Technologies
Guest Editor: Jurij J. SidorDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Metals
Advances in Preparation Methods and Numerical Simulation of Composites: Formation and Properties
Guest Editors: Zhengyi Jiang, Hongmei ZhangDeadline: 10 June 2024
Special Issue in
Metals
Advances in Lightweight Metal Matrix Composites
Guest Editors: Pilar Rey, Gaspar González-DoncelDeadline: 30 June 2024